Osseointegration in dental implants involves the use of materials that mimic the bone tissue, with special properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of composites based on collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and sage oil obtained by freeze-drying method. Their morphological structures were determined by water uptake and scanning electron microscopy, the physical–chemical interactions between components by FT-IR, the stability by in vitro collagenase degradation, and the results indicate that the samples’ properties are highly influenced by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of sage essential oil and chondroitin sulfate, respectively, concluding that we can design a formulation with certain properties. The composite spongious forms were evaluated for cytocompatibility using the MG63 osteoblast cell line and subjected to histological observation. The results showed that the samples with sage essential oil were most resistant to enzymatic degradation, and the ones with chondroitin sulfate promoted the deposition of an abundant extracellular matrix. Taken together, the results suggest that incorporating chondroitin sulfate and sage oil in a controlled manner into collagen scaffolds represents a promising approach for enhancing bone tissue regeneration.