Biodiversity conservation is challenged not only by the lack of knowledge about species distributions but also by an often-overlooked factor: the unquantifiable uncertainty in the quality and reliability of the data used for decision-making. This challenge is intensified for migratory and overexploited species, such as the goliath catfish Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (‘piraíba’), where management decisions based on data of uncertain reliability can lead to management failures and intensify population declines. Thus, our goal here was to generate Maps of Biogeographic Ignorance (MoBIs) for B. filamentosum based on inventory completeness, taxonomic quality, temporal data decay, and environmental-spatial distance to sub-basins with information, in order to quantify the uncertainty associated with species occurrence data. The MoBIs revealed high spatial heterogeneity in species knowledge. The most comprehensive and recent inventories were concentrated along the main channels of the major river of the Amazon basin, in contrast to the high level of ignorance found in Orinoco, and North Atlantic basins. We also combined these MoBIs with environmental suitability predictions derived from species distribution models. The bivariate maps allowed us to identify sub-basins where high predicted suitability coincides with low ignorance (such as along the main Amazon River), as well as those with high suitability but high ignorance (such as in the western Amazon, the upper Orinoco, and the North Atlantic regions). By quantifying and spatially mapping the quality of occurrence data, our study provides an basis for optimizing research, conservation, and management strategies for this goliath catfish. Graphical Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the global focus on SARS-CoV-2 overshadowed the epidemiology of other respiratory pathogens. This study aimed to characterize the circulation of endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in Brazil. We retrospectively analyzed results from 22,472 PCR tests for HCoVs (from 5183 patients) and 601,278 tests for SARS-CoV-2 (from 475,856 patients) between November 2019 and June 2021. HCoVs were detected in 160 patients (3.09%), with HCoV-NL63 as the most frequent species. HCoV circulation was intermittent, with positivity peaks up to 4% but also periods of up to six months with an absence of detections in 2020, contrasting with the sustained high positivity of SARS-CoV-2 (22.37%). Co-infections were frequent: 26.25% of HCoV-positive patients were co-infected with at least one other respiratory pathogen, most commonly Rhinovirus/Enterovirus, and cases involving up to five pathogens were observed, seven patients had co-infections between HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2. These findings reveal the persistent, often cryptic, circulation of HCoVs during the pandemic and highlight their role as key components in complex multi-pathogen infections. This underscores the critical importance of implementing comprehensive molecular diagnostic panels in routine respiratory surveillance to ensure accurate etiology, guide appropriate clinical management, and fully assess the public health burden of non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses.