Background and objectives: Given the limited number of studies evaluating the relationship of ABO blood groups and Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) as well as the lack of relevant literature in Saudi Arabia, a study to assess the association of ABO blood groups and PCAD in Saudi population was crucial. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study, where controls are healthy individuals and cases are divided into: patients younger than 51 years (PCAD) with confirmed coronary artery disease and patients ≥ 51 years (CAD) with confirmed coronary artery disease, whose data are retrieved from 2015 to 2022. Severity of the disease is assessed by vessel score and Gensini score. Results: We have collected a total of 1167 samples; 466 individuals served as controls (39.9%), 346 were PCAD cases (29.6%), and 355 were CAD patients (30.4%). No significant overall difference was found in ABO distribution among healthy, PCAD, and CAD individuals, although blood group A is more common in PCAD and CAD patients than in healthy controls. Among males, there is a statistically significant difference in ABO distribution across healthy, PCAD, and CAD groups, with a higher frequency of blood group A and a lower frequency of O in patients compared to controls (A = 19.7%, 28.1%, 28.4%, B = 17.5%, 19.0%, 18.6%, O = 60.0%, 48.3%, 50.2%, AB = 2.8%, 4.6%, 2.8%, p = 0.041, respectively). Additionally, the difference in ABO is not statistically significant between the healthy females, PCAD female patients, and CAD female patients (A = 25.5%, 31.3%, 25.7%, B = 20.7%, 13.3%, 20.0%, O = 47.2%, 53.0%, 51.4%, AB = 6.6%, 2.4%, 2.9%, p = 0.541, respectively). The result reveals the severity of coronary vessel occlusion in PCAD group by using Gensini score as follows: A: 52.81 ± 31.30, B: 66.94 ± 45.57, O: 43.06 ± 32.95, AB: 49.00 ± 49.40 with p value = 0.131. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that higher frequency of blood group “A” was found among male patients with PCAD and CAD compared to other blood groups. In addition, blood group “O” is less associated with male PCAD and CAD in Saudi population. Identification of ABO blood groups might assist in the genetic screening as well as guiding prophylaxis for premature CAD.

Objective: The study aim was panoramic sonographic inspection of the median nerve (MN) from the wrist to the forearm in cases and controls. Additionally, integration of comparisons at various levels may aid in identifying principal ultrasound parameters of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Dynamic, static, and panoramic sonographies of 65 healthy and 83 CTS hands were performed. Multileveled qualitative (MN and flexor retinaculum morphology) and quantitative (cross-sectional area CSA, differences, and ratios) MN variables for CTS, followed by comparative statistical analysis to predict values and patterns of MN, were derived. Results: Subjectively, hypoechoic, vascular, compressed, hypomobile MN and bowed thickened flexor retinaculum were significantly more prevalent in cases (28.9–66.3%) than in controls (0–7.7%). Objectively, the proximal to inlet (pi) and the forearm at 12 cm (12) were the most representative sites. The area under curve (AUC) values for the MN dimensions, in decreasing order, were 0.9, 0.89, 0.86, and ≤0.80 for the CSA difference ‘pi’ and ‘12’ (Cpi-C12), the CSA proximal to inlet (Cpi), the ratio of CSA at pi and 12 (Cpi/C12), and the CSA at inlet (Ci), respectively. Their cut-off values were 3.7, 9.1, 1.8, and 7.2 mm², respectively. Differences and ratios between ‘Cpi’ and ‘Ci’ were less reliable (AUC ≤ 0.74, sensitivity ≤ 61.4%). Flexor retinaculum bowing, thickening, and MN flattening ratios were unreliable. Conclusions: Sensitivity, specificity, and precision of MN sonographic parameters in CTS increase by utilizing differences and ratios between wrist and forearm rather than isolated values. The recommended site in wrist is proximal to the inlet, and in the forearm, the best site to determine ratios and differences is at 12 cm from the distal wrist crease.