In recent years, traffic congestion has become one of many cities’ most significant financial and ecological concerns worldwide. It also costs citizens a substantial amount of time and fuel. Many experts believe that identifying traffic congestion characteristics is the first step in reducing traffic congestion. This study aimed to determine the extent of traffic congestion and fuel consumption at Taxila Chowk. The research’s primary methodological tools were a traffic volume survey and peak hour volume study using Aimsun software. According to this study, auto-rickshaws, bicycles, motorcycles, and trucks were the most common modes of transportation. Traffic flow is particularly heavy in the morning, noon, and evening hours. It was revealed that the H.M.C. road is the most congestion-prone route compared to the other four routes. Also, the distinctive design of rickshaws and bus stands and the misplacement of fruit and vegetable markets play a considerable role in Congestion. The level of service of the four routes is almost intolerable, and the sole P.O.F. road that offered comparable better services to city commuters is an acceptable illustration. The study has also identified the amount of fuel consumption on each route, focused on the environmental impact of Congestion due to emissions of green gasses, and provided feasible solutions in the form of alternatives.

Concrete is produced from millions of tons of Cement, which emits a significant amount of carbon dioxide from cement mills and contributes to global warming. Therefore, it is important to seek out less expensive and more environmentally friendly substitutes for OPC. While various substitutes are available, such as recycled glass, marble, silica fume fly ash, or agricultural waste like rice husks or wheat straw, the performance of concrete is significantly affected when bentonite is used as a replacement for Cement. This study aims to evaluate Jhelum bentonite, which is located at 32°56′ north and 73°44′ east longitude, as a replacement for Cement in different ratios (0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60) to improve the durability of the system as more bentonite is used to replace conventional Portland cement, the workability, density, and water absorption of the new concrete all decrease. Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, and flexural Strength of blocks and cylinders were tested after being cured for 7 and 28 days. Analysis of these strength tests revealed that the mixes containing bentonite were weaker after 7 days compared to 28 days, and the Strength of blocks was reasonable compared to cylinders.Keywords: Bentonite, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength.