Background: Golf is a sophisticated sport that integrates precision, skillfulness, and strategic thinking, with swing techniques of different clubs exhibiting distinct biomechanical characteristics. This study aims to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of golfers’ full swings with different clubs from kinematic and dynamics perspectives, thereby providing insights for optimizing full swing techniques. Methods: Ten low-handicap right-handed college male golfers were recruited, and their full swing parameters with the driver, 5-iron, and 7-iron (each club was successfully collected 10 times) were synchronously collected using a 250 Hz infrared motion capture system and a 1000 Hz three-dimensional force platform. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare biomechanical indicators during the swing motion across different clubs. Results: There were significant kinematic differences between the driver and irons, yet smaller differences between 5-iron and 7-iron. As a whole, irons showed a faster peak time and a smaller angular velocity. The GRF of different clubs exhibited different dynamic characteristics at various swing moments, yet the dynamic regularity remained consistent throughout the full swing. During the downswing, the horizontal angular impulse of the driver was greater than irons, and the frontal angular impulse of the 5-iron was greater than that of both driver and 7-iron. Conclusions: The characteristics of the driver are slow – paced energy accumulation, delayed acceleration, and horizontal sweeping shots; the characteristics of the 5-iron are that the leading arm coordinates with the frontal angular impulse to optimize the shot trajectory; the characteristics of the 7-iron are compact transition and precise shots driven by the torso.

To compare center of pressure (COP) characteristics and postural control changes in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients across distin

Based on cross-education theory, this study aimed to investigate whether Healthy-Side Lower-Limb Strength Training could promote neuromuscular function rec

To characterize gait characteristics at different phases after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and inform rehabilitation assessment. This c

Objective: To compare swing plane biomechanics between the driver and 7-iron in golf and elucidate the kinematic and dynamic mechanisms underlying swing plane formation. Methods: Sixteen male low-handicap golfers were recruited. A 3D motion capture system and two force plates were used to simultaneously record swing data for the driver and 7-iron. Swing plane angle, torso and pelvic angle, center of mass displacement, and ground reaction force (GRF) parameters were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests, correlation analysis, and SPM {t}. Results: The driver showed a significantly smaller tilt angle than the 7-iron across all phases (p < 0.001), and a significantly smaller azimuth angle during the release-acceleration phase (p < 0.001). During the backswing, the 7-iron tilt angle was negatively correlated with torso rotation ROM (r = −0.701) and pelvic rotation ROM (r = −0.730), whereas the driver exhibited greater torso and pelvic rotation ROM than the 7-iron (both p < 0.05). During the release-acceleration phase, the driver tilt angle was positively correlated with pelvic forward tilt ROM (r = 0.850). SPM analysis further showed that the driver had a significantly smaller torso side tilt angle than the 7-iron during 0%–89% swing cycle (p = 0.001). During the downswing to follow through, the driver tilt angle was negatively correlated with AP RGRFmax (r = −0.805), whereas the 7-iron tilt angle was positively correlated with ML LGRFmax (r = 0.633). In addition, the driver exhibited significantly greater AP RGRF during 0%–5%, 37%–62%, and 83%–89% swing cycles, and significantly smaller ML LGRF during 0%–18% and 84%–93% swing cycles, compared with the 7-iron (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The driver relies on rotation of the torso and pelvis, combined with power generation from the rear, to create a flat swing plane, while the 7-iron maintains a steep and highly consistent plane through body posture control and front-side braking. Training should focus on strengthening the corresponding biomechanical capabilities to optimize the stability of swing plane.

Despite golf’s Olympic reinstatement, quantitative research on elite female Olympic golfers remains scarce, with most studies focusing on tour or amateur players. This study aimed to quantify relationships between single-round strokes and 13 performance indicators among top 10 2024 Paris Olympic female golfers (including ties), identify key predictors, and build a predictive model using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and LASSO regression with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) and bootstrap validation to address overfitting concerns inherent to small-sample analyses. Results showed single-round strokes correlated negatively with GIR ( r = −0.484), SG: Putting ( r = −0.567) (both p < 0.01) and positively with Putt-Total ( r = 0.582, p < 0.01). PCA extracted five principal components explaining 77.94% of total variance, representing distinct performance constructs. LASSO regression identified seven stable predictors (bootstrap selection frequency ≥ 90%): Greens in Regulation (100%), Putt-Total (99%), SG: Approach the Green (98%), SG: Around the Green (97%), SG: Putting (94%), SG: Off the Tee (92%), and Scrambling (88%). Model performance yielded an adjusted R² of 0.928 with cross-validated MSE of 0.528 based on 48 rounds from 12 golfers, though external validation is warranted. This study fills Olympic golf research gaps, providing evidence for targeted training and tournament strategy optimization.