This paper deals with power generation through solar photovoltaic (SPV) system and its implementation as grid‐tied and stand‐alone systems. The major setbacks of SPV system of low conversion efficacy, that can be enhanced through the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. A modified incremental conductance (MIC), termed as error based incremental conductance MPPT, has been proposed, and its behaviour is comprehensively compared with classical perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC) techniques. Dealing with the on‐grid application of SPV system, maximum power obtained through MIC is fed to a three‐phase grid operating at unity power factor (UPF), and the quality of grid current is monitored. Further, the power obtained through MIC finds its application in designing an SPV‐diesel generator (DG) based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for areas either not connected to the grid or have insufficient fossils. The stochastic nature of source or uncertain load demand leads to deviation in system frequency. This paper proposes an intelligent, comprehensive supervisory optimal‐fuzzy‐proportional‐integral‐derivative (O‐F‐PID) controller for load frequency control (LFC). The performance of proposed O‐F‐PID controller has been vividly compared with the designed optimal‐PID (O‐PID) and conventional PID (C‐PID) controllers under varying source and load demand conditions.

This paper puts forward a literature review on the load frequency control (LFC) problems of solar-wind-based power system (SWBPS). In SWBPS, the LFC problem is severe due to the less inertia of the system, and stochastic nature of solar radiation and wind speed compared to the conventional power system. The solar generator contribution, wind turbine generator (WTG) contribution and investigations on the energy storage systems, electrical vehicle contribution, and controllable loads contribution for mitigating LFC problems are addressed in this paper. Moreover, a detailed analysis of advanced control and optimization techniques used for LFC is also discussed. Finally, based on the extensive review work, flower pollination algorithm (FPA) optimized the parameters of fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller is proposed to address the problem of LFC in power system. The proposed technique has enough capability to handle inertial, primary, and secondary controls simultaneously to mitigate the frequency issues via single controller and will maintain the frequency under the permissible limit according to IEEE standard. This work provides a systematic summary, potential research areas, and significant technical challenges discussed in the conclusion and future scope.

Advancement of human civilization has led to rapid industrialization going in hand with urbanization and globalization, which have elevated energy demand worldwide. Conventional energy sources with the fear of being exhausted at a rapid pace seem to fail to quench inflated energy demand alone. Solar being a ubiquitous and eco-friendly source of renewable energy has become one of the most dominant forms of power generation implemented in diverse applications. To maximize the efficacy of the solar photovoltaic (SPV) system, it must be operated at maximum power point (MPP) that incorporates the use of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. MPPT algorithm is a self-automated control technique that compels the SPV system to operate at MPP thereby harnessing maximum obtainable power under time-varying environmental conditions such as solar intensity, temperature, SPV module characteristics, and module shading. This paper puts forward an elaborated study on 27 MPPT techniques that are pervasive in the SPV system. The entire assessment deals with MPPT techniques employed under uniform solar insolation varying from time to time as well as global maximum power point tracking (GMMPT) techniques employed under partial shading (PS) conditions. Vivid comparisons among all the MPPT techniques along with their brief discussion, merits, and demerits have been done. Moreover, a detailed structure of error-based incremental conductance MPPT has been proposed.

Due to the presence of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks and communication time delay (CTD), frequency regulation of a thermal and wind plants-based hybrid power system (HPS) with wind power fluctuations and load variations may not be guaranteed, and in the worst situation overall system may be destabilized. This paper addresses a robust proportional-integral (PI) controller to compensate for the impact of CTD and for the first time, an intelligent fuzzy logic-assisted ratio control-based virtual inertia (VI) is implemented for handling the DoS attacks. The controller's design is carried out using physics-inspired optimization called Fick's law optimization (FLO), where Kharitonov's theorem is used to obtain the maximum and minimum bounds of the controller. The effectiveness of proposed control design is assessed by considering the various practical scenarios such as cyber-attacks, parametric uncertainties, varying CTD, stochastic wind power fluctuations, industrial and domestic loads, step load perturbations and the presence of system nonlinearities such as generator dead band (GDB), valve limits and generator rate constraint (GRC). Moreover, for the stability assessment of the proposed control design, maximum sensitivity ( M_s ) based stability evaluation is employed. Finally, the controller performance is also evaluated upon a multi-machine interconnected IEEE-39 bus system.