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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with systemic inflammation and potential cardiovascular complications. This meta-analysis evaluates long-term cardiovascular risks in IBD. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for studies examining cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and thromboembolic risks in IBD. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: Fifty-three studies comprising 1,406,773 patients were analyzed. IBD was linked to increased risk of ischemic heart disease (aHR 1.25; p = 0.001) myocardial infarction (aHR 1.25; p = 0.01), acute coronary syndrome (aHR 1.43; p < 0.00001), heart failure (aHR 1.24; p < 0.00001), atrial fibrillation (aHR 1.20; p < 0.00001), and stroke (aHR 1.13; p < 0.00001). Elevated risks were also observed for peripheral arterial disease (aHR 1.41; p < 0.00001), diabetes mellitus (aHR 1.40; p < 0.00001), venous thromboembolism (aHR 1.98; p < 0.00001), deep vein thrombosis (aHR 2.85; p = 0.0004), and pulmonary embolism (aHR 1.98; p = 0.03). Importantly, IBD was associated with increased cardiovascular (aHR 1.14; p = 0.03) and all-cause mortality (aHR 1.53; p < 0.00001). Conclusions: IBD patients face higher risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, thromboembolic disease, and mortality, necessitating early cardiovascular risk assessment and targeted interventions in this population.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant health burden associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Persistent disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality among AKI patients underscore the need for improved understanding and interventions to improve patient outcomes. We analyzed data from the CDC WONDER dataset to examine trends in CVD-related mortality among AKI patients in the United States from 1999 to 2020. Trends were assessed by demographic factors, geographic region, and underlying CVD causes. A significant decline in CVD mortality among AKI patients was observed, particularly after 2010. However, disparities persisted. Males, older adults, and Non-Hispanic Black individuals exhibited higher CVD mortality rates. Geographic variations were evident, with the Western region showing the highest burden. Ischemic heart disease was the most prevalent underlying cause of CVD-related deaths. Continued efforts are needed to reduce CVD mortality in AKI patients, especially among vulnerable populations. Addressing disparities in healthcare access, improving early detection and management of AKI, and implementing preventive strategies are crucial to improve outcomes.