Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a disease associated with high mortality, caused by the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm. Decision-support scoring systems used for managing unruptured aneurysms (UIAs) include only radiological parameters related to the size and configuration of the aneurysm, without incorporating blood-based markers. Our aim is to identify a serum marker that shows a correlation with aneurysm size in patients with ruptured aneurysms. Methods: Arterial blood samples were collected from patients who experienced aSAH within 24 h of the ictus, and serum desmosine levels were determined using ELISA. The morphological parameters of the aneurysms were assessed during 3D DSA. A favorable outcome was defined as a 3-month mRS score of 0–3. Results: This study included 135 aSAH patients and 25 controls. (i) The desmosine level in serum collected within 24 h after aneurysm rupture in patients with aSAH was significantly higher compared to the serum level in the control group (aSAH: 0.737 ng/mL [IQR: 0.401–1.214], vs. control: 0.365 ng/mL [IQR: 0.251–0.531], p < 0.001); (ii) examining the size of ruptured aneurysms, patients with aneurysms larger than 7 mm had significantly higher serum desmosine levels than those with aneurysms smaller than 7 mm; (iii) in the group with aneurysms smaller than 7 mm, serum desmosine levels correlated with the aneurysm neck width and the size ratio. Conclusions: Serum desmosine shows a strong correlation with the size of ruptured aneurysms in aSAH patients.

The historic Rockborn strain of the canine distemper virus was widely used as a vaccine, but its use was discontinued due to safety concerns. Yet, Rockborn-like canine distemper virus strains are still used in some vaccine formulations. Genetic analysis of this strain was previously limited to the H gene, leaving its full evolutionary and pathogenic potential unclear. This study aimed to determine the complete genome sequence of the Rockborn strain to reconstruct its origin, understand its evolution, and provide a reference for improving diagnostics and future research on virulence markers. An amplicon-based sequencing protocol using MinION nanopore technology was employed to determine the complete genome of the Rockborn-46th laboratory strain. The genome was assembled, annotated, and analyzed in comparison with 223 genomes. The complete genome of the Rockborn strain was 15,690 nucleotides in length. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Rockborn forms a unique lineage with field isolates from a masked civet in China and a dog in the United States. Crucially, a significant recombination event was identified, showing that the Rockborn strain acted as a parental strain, contributing its F and H genes to create mosaic viruses. The full-genome characterization of the Rockborn strain confirms that Rockborn-like viruses persist and actively contribute to the evolution of canine distemper virus through recombination. This finding highlights the inadequacy of single-gene analysis for diagnostics and surveillance, and underscores the necessity of whole-genome sequencing to accurately track the virus epidemiology and evolution.

The family Caliciviridae encompasses a diverse group of non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses that are significant pathogens in veterinary medicine. This narrative review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical, molecular, and epidemiological features of the three calicivirus genera identified in bovine hosts: Norovirus, Nebovirus, and Vesivirus. Bovine noroviruses and neboviruses are neglected enteric pathogens, frequently detected in association with neonatal calf diarrhea and often present in co-infections with other enteric agents. Clinical presentations for these enteric viruses range from severe, watery diarrhea to asymptomatic shedding, with distinct pathogenic profiles observed between norovirus genotypes GIII.1 and GIII.2. In contrast, the genus Vesivirus exhibits a broad host range, and bovine vesivirus strains are phylogenetically linked to vesiviruses identified in pigs and marine animals. Bovine vesivirus infections are associated with a broader spectrum of clinical manifestations, including respiratory disease, vesicular lesions, and abortion. Serological and virological surveys indicate that exposure to these viruses is ubiquitous in cattle populations globally. While direct evidence of human infection by bovine noroviruses and neboviruses remains limited, vesiviruses possess a confirmed capacity for cross-species transmission to humans. Significant knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding in vitro culture systems, necessitating further research to facilitate vaccine development and clarify transmission dynamics.