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Antiviral RNA silencing/interference (RNAi) of negative-strand (-) RNA plant viruses (NSVs) has been studied less than for single-stranded, positive-sense (+)RNA plant viruses. From the latter, genomic and subgenomic mRNA molecules are targeted by RNAi. However, genomic RNA strands from plant NSVs are generally wrapped tightly within viral nucleocapsid (N) protein to form ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), the core unit for viral replication, transcription and movement. In this study, the targeting of the NSV tospoviral genomic RNA and mRNA molecules by antiviral RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) was investigated, in vitro and in planta. RISC fractions isolated from tospovirus-infected N. benthamiana plants specifically cleaved naked, purified tospoviral genomic RNAs in vitro, but not genomic RNAs complexed with viral N protein. In planta RISC complexes, activated by a tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying tospovirus NSs or Gn gene fragments, mainly targeted the corresponding viral mRNAs and hardly genomic (viral and viral-complementary strands) RNA assembled into RNPs. In contrast, for the (+)ssRNA cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), RISC complexes, activated by TRV carrying CMV 2a or 2b gene fragments, targeted CMV genomic RNA. Altogether, the results indicated that antiviral RNAi primarily targets tospoviral mRNAs whilst their genomic RNA is well protected in RNPs against RISC-mediated cleavage. Considering the important role of RNPs in the replication cycle of all NSVs, the findings made in this study are likely applicable to all viruses belonging to this group.
Hao Hong; Chunli Wang; Ying Huang; Min Xu; Jiaoling Yan; Mingfeng Feng; Jia Li; Yajie Shi; Min Zhu; Danyu Shen; Peijun Wu; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. Antiviral RISC mainly targets viral mRNA but not genomic RNA of tospovirus. PLOS Pathogens 2021, 17, e1009757 .
AMA StyleHao Hong, Chunli Wang, Ying Huang, Min Xu, Jiaoling Yan, Mingfeng Feng, Jia Li, Yajie Shi, Min Zhu, Danyu Shen, Peijun Wu, Richard Kormelink, Xiaorong Tao. Antiviral RISC mainly targets viral mRNA but not genomic RNA of tospovirus. PLOS Pathogens. 2021; 17 (7):e1009757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHao Hong; Chunli Wang; Ying Huang; Min Xu; Jiaoling Yan; Mingfeng Feng; Jia Li; Yajie Shi; Min Zhu; Danyu Shen; Peijun Wu; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Antiviral RISC mainly targets viral mRNA but not genomic RNA of tospovirus." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 7: e1009757.
The tomato Sw-5b gene confers resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N-terminal Solanaceae-specific domain (SD). Although our understanding of how Sw-5b recognizes the viral NSm elicitor has increased significantly, the process by which Sw-5b activates downstream defense signaling remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system to investigate the roles of the SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 genes in the Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathway. We found that chaperone SGT1 was required for Sw-5b function, but co-chaperone RAR1 was not. Sw-5b-mediated immune signaling was independent of both EDS1 and NDR1. Silencing NPR1, which is a central component in SA signaling, did not result in TSWV systemic infection in Sw-5b-transgenic N. benthamiana plants. Helper NLR NRCs (NLRs required for cell death) were required for Sw-5b-mediated systemic resistance to TSWV infection. Suppression of NRC2/3/4 compromised the Sw-5b resistance. However, the helper NLRs ADR1 and NRG1 may not participate in the Sw-5b signaling pathway. Silencing ADR1, NRG1, or both genes did not affect Sw-5b-mediated resistance to TSWV. Our findings provide new insight into the requirement for conserved key components in Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathways.
Zhengqiang Chen; Qian Wu; Cong Tong; Hongyu Chen; Dan Miao; Xin Qian; Xiaohui Zhao; Lei Jiang; Xiaorong Tao. Characterization of the Roles of SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 in Sw-5b-Mediated Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. Viruses 2021, 13, 1447 .
AMA StyleZhengqiang Chen, Qian Wu, Cong Tong, Hongyu Chen, Dan Miao, Xin Qian, Xiaohui Zhao, Lei Jiang, Xiaorong Tao. Characterization of the Roles of SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 in Sw-5b-Mediated Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1447.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhengqiang Chen; Qian Wu; Cong Tong; Hongyu Chen; Dan Miao; Xin Qian; Xiaohui Zhao; Lei Jiang; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Characterization of the Roles of SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 in Sw-5b-Mediated Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1447.
Plant and animal intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play important roles in sensing pathogens and activating defense signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of host defense signaling by NLR proteins remain largely unknown. Many previous studies have determined that the coil-coil (CC) or Toll and interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domain of NLR proteins and their dimerization/oligomerization are critical for activating downstream defense signaling. In this study, we demonstrated that the nucleotide-binding (NB) domain of the tomato Sw-5b NLR alone can activate downstream defense signaling, leading to elicitor-independent cell death. Sw-5b NB domains can self-associate, and this self-association is crucial for activating cell death signaling. The self-association was strongly compromised after the introduction of a K568R mutation into the P-loop of the NB domain. Consequently, the NB K568R mutant induced cell death very weakly. The NB CΔ20 mutant lacking the C-terminal 20 amino acids can self-associate but cannot activate cell death signaling. The NB CΔ20 mutant also interfered with wild-type NB domain self-association, leading to compromised cell death induction. By contrast, the NB K568R mutant did not interfere with wild-type NB domain self-association and its ability to induce cell death. Structural modeling of Sw-5b suggests that NB domains associate with one another and likely participate in oligomerization. As Sw-5b-triggered cell death is dependent on helper NLR proteins, we propose that the Sw-5b NB domain acts as a nucleation point for the assembly of an oligomeric resistosome, probably by recruiting downstream helper partners, to trigger defense signaling.
Xiaohui Zhao; Zhengqiang Chen; Qian Wu; Yazhen Cai; Yu Zhang; Ruizhen Zhao; Jiaoling Yan; Xin Qian; Jia Li; Min Zhu; Lizhou Hong; Jincheng Xing; Nasr Ullah Khan; Yinghua Ji; Peijun Wu; Changjun Huang; Xin Shun Ding; Hui Zhang; Xiaorong Tao. The Sw-5b NLR nucleotide-binding domain plays a role in oligomerization and its self-association is important for the activation of cell death signaling. Journal of Experimental Botany 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXiaohui Zhao, Zhengqiang Chen, Qian Wu, Yazhen Cai, Yu Zhang, Ruizhen Zhao, Jiaoling Yan, Xin Qian, Jia Li, Min Zhu, Lizhou Hong, Jincheng Xing, Nasr Ullah Khan, Yinghua Ji, Peijun Wu, Changjun Huang, Xin Shun Ding, Hui Zhang, Xiaorong Tao. The Sw-5b NLR nucleotide-binding domain plays a role in oligomerization and its self-association is important for the activation of cell death signaling. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohui Zhao; Zhengqiang Chen; Qian Wu; Yazhen Cai; Yu Zhang; Ruizhen Zhao; Jiaoling Yan; Xin Qian; Jia Li; Min Zhu; Lizhou Hong; Jincheng Xing; Nasr Ullah Khan; Yinghua Ji; Peijun Wu; Changjun Huang; Xin Shun Ding; Hui Zhang; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "The Sw-5b NLR nucleotide-binding domain plays a role in oligomerization and its self-association is important for the activation of cell death signaling." Journal of Experimental Botany , no. : 1.
Plant intracellular nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play critical roles in mediating host immunity to pathogen attack. We use tomato Sw-5b::tospovirus as a model system to study the specific role of the compartmentalized plant NLR in dictating host defense against virus at different infection steps. We demonstrated here that tomato NLR Sw-5b distributes to cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, to play different roles in inducing host resistances against tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) infection. The cytoplasmic-enriched Sw-5b induces a strong cell death response to inhibit TSWV replication. This host response is, however, insufficient to block viral intercellular and long-distance movement. The nuclear-enriched Sw-5b triggers a host defense that weakly inhibits viral replication but strongly impedes virus intercellular and systemic movement. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b act synergistically to dictate a full host defense of TSWV infection. We further demonstrated that the extended N-terminal Solanaceae domain (SD) of Sw-5b plays critical roles in cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning. Sw-5b nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) controls its cytoplasm localization. Strikingly, the SD but not coil-coil (CC) domain is crucial for Sw-5b receptor to import into nucleus to trigger the immunity. The SD was found to interact with importins. Silencing both importin α and β expression disrupted Sw-5b nucleus import and host immunity against TSWV systemic infection. Collectively, our findings suggest that Sw-5b bifurcates disease resistances by cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning to block different infection steps of TSWV. The findings also identified a new regulatory role of extra domain of a plant NLR in mediating host innate immunity.
Hongyu Chen; Xin Qian; Xiaojiao Chen; Tongqing Yang; Mingfeng Feng; Jing Chen; Ruixiang Cheng; Hao Hong; Ying Zheng; Yuzhen Mei; Danyu Shen; Yi Xu; Min Zhu; Xin Shun Ding; Xiaorong Tao. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw‐5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to confer full host defense against tospovirus infection. New Phytologist 2021, 231, 2262 -2281.
AMA StyleHongyu Chen, Xin Qian, Xiaojiao Chen, Tongqing Yang, Mingfeng Feng, Jing Chen, Ruixiang Cheng, Hao Hong, Ying Zheng, Yuzhen Mei, Danyu Shen, Yi Xu, Min Zhu, Xin Shun Ding, Xiaorong Tao. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw‐5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to confer full host defense against tospovirus infection. New Phytologist. 2021; 231 (6):2262-2281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongyu Chen; Xin Qian; Xiaojiao Chen; Tongqing Yang; Mingfeng Feng; Jing Chen; Ruixiang Cheng; Hao Hong; Ying Zheng; Yuzhen Mei; Danyu Shen; Yi Xu; Min Zhu; Xin Shun Ding; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw‐5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to confer full host defense against tospovirus infection." New Phytologist 231, no. 6: 2262-2281.
Plants use intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen-encoded effectors and initiate immune responses. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which has been found to infect > 1,000 plant species, is among the most destructive plant viruses worldwide. The Sw-5b is the most effective and widely used resistance gene in tomato breeding to control TSWV. However, broad application of tomato cultivars carrying Sw-5b has resulted in an emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) TSWV. Therefore, new effective genes are urgently needed to prevent further RB TSWV outbreaks. In this study, we conducted artificial evolution to select Sw-5b mutants that could extend the resistance spectrum against TSWV RB isolates. Unlike regular NLRs, Sw-5b detects viral elicitor NSm using both the N-terminal Solanaceae-specific domain (SD) and C-terminal LRR domain in a two-step recognition process. Our attempts to select gain-of-function mutants by random mutagenesis involving either the SD or LRR of Sw-5b failed; therefore, we adopted a stepwise strategy, first introducing a NSmRB-responsive mutation at the R927 residue in the LRR, followed by random mutagenesis involving the Sw-5b SD domain. Using this strategy, we obtained Sw-5bL33P/K319E/R927A and Sw-5bL33P/K319E/R927Q mutants, which are effective against TSWV RB carrying the NSmC118Y or NSmT120N mutation, and against other American type tospovirus. Thus, we were able to extend the resistance spectrum of Sw-5b; the selected Sw-5b mutants will provide new gene resources to control RB TSWV.
Haining Huang; Shen Huang; Jia Li; Huiyuan Wang; Yaqian Zhao; Mingfeng Feng; Jing Dai; Tongkai Wang; Min Zhu; Xiaorong Tao. Stepwise artificial evolution of an Sw‐5b immune receptor extends its resistance spectrum against resistance‐breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Plant Biotechnology Journal 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleHaining Huang, Shen Huang, Jia Li, Huiyuan Wang, Yaqian Zhao, Mingfeng Feng, Jing Dai, Tongkai Wang, Min Zhu, Xiaorong Tao. Stepwise artificial evolution of an Sw‐5b immune receptor extends its resistance spectrum against resistance‐breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaining Huang; Shen Huang; Jia Li; Huiyuan Wang; Yaqian Zhao; Mingfeng Feng; Jing Dai; Tongkai Wang; Min Zhu; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Stepwise artificial evolution of an Sw‐5b immune receptor extends its resistance spectrum against resistance‐breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus." Plant Biotechnology Journal , no. : 1.
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order Bunyavirales. This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (Tospoviridae), tenuiviruses (Phenuiviridae), and emaraviruses (Fimoviridae), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
Richard Kormelink; Jeanmarie Verchot; Xiaorong Tao; Cecile Desbiez. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses 2021, 13, 842 .
AMA StyleRichard Kormelink, Jeanmarie Verchot, Xiaorong Tao, Cecile Desbiez. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):842.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Kormelink; Jeanmarie Verchot; Xiaorong Tao; Cecile Desbiez. 2021. "The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts." Viruses 13, no. 5: 842.
Negative-stranded RNA (NSR) viruses include both animal- and plant-infecting viruses that often cause serious diseases in human and livestock, and in agronomic crops. Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV), a plant NSR virus with four negative-stranded/ambisense RNA segments, is one of the most destructive rice pathogens in many Asian countries. Due to the lack of a reliable reverse-genetics technology, molecular studies of RSV gene functions and its interaction with host plants are severely hampered. To overcome this obstacle, we developed a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for RSV gene functional analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana. We first developed a mini-replicon system expressing RSV genomic RNA3 eGFP reporter (MR3(-)eGFP), a nucleocapsid (NP), and a codon usage optimized RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRpopt), respectively. Using this mini-replicon system we determined that RSV NP and RdRpopt are indispensable for the eGFP expression from MR3(-)eGFP. The expression of eGFP from MR3(-)eGFP can be significantly enhanced in the presence of NSs and P19-HcPro-γb. In addition, NSvc4, the movement protein of RSV, facilitated eGFP trafficking between cells. We also developed an antigenomic RNA3-based replicon in N. benthamiana. However, we found that the RSV NS3 coding sequence acts as a cis-element to regulate viral RNA expression. Finally, we made mini-replicons representing all four RSV genomic RNAs. This is the first mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for monocot-infecting tenuivirus. We believe that this mini-replicon system described here will allow the studies of RSV replication, transcription, cell-to-cell movement and host machinery underpinning RSV infection in plants. IMPORTANCE Plant-infecting segmented negative-stranded RNA (NSR) viruses are grouped into 3 genera: Orthotospovirus, Tenuivirus and Emaravirus. The reverse-genetics systems have been established for members in the genera Orthotospovirus and Emaravirus, respectively. However, there is still no reverse-genetics system available for Tenuivirus. Rice stripe virus (RSV) is a monocot-infecting tenuivirus with four negative-stranded/ambisense RNA segments. It is one of the most destructive rice pathogens and causes significant damages to rice industry in Asian countries. Due to the lack of a reliable reverse-genetics system, molecular characterizations of RSV gene functions and the host machinery underpinning RSV infection in plants are extremely difficult. To overcome this obstacle, we developed a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for RSV in Nicotiana benthamiana. This is the first mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for tenuivirus. We consider that this system will provide researchers a new working platform to elucidate the molecular mechanisms dictating segmented tenuivirus infections in plant.
Mingfeng Feng; Luyao Li; Ruixiang Cheng; Yulong Yuan; Yongxin Dong; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Min Yao; Yi Xu; Yijun Zhou; Jianxiang Wu; Xin Shun Ding; Xueping Zhou; Xiaorong Tao. Development of a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for rice stripe tenuivirus. Journal of Virology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMingfeng Feng, Luyao Li, Ruixiang Cheng, Yulong Yuan, Yongxin Dong, Minglong Chen, Rong Guo, Min Yao, Yi Xu, Yijun Zhou, Jianxiang Wu, Xin Shun Ding, Xueping Zhou, Xiaorong Tao. Development of a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for rice stripe tenuivirus. Journal of Virology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingfeng Feng; Luyao Li; Ruixiang Cheng; Yulong Yuan; Yongxin Dong; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Min Yao; Yi Xu; Yijun Zhou; Jianxiang Wu; Xin Shun Ding; Xueping Zhou; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Development of a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for rice stripe tenuivirus." Journal of Virology , no. : 1.
Negative-stranded RNA (NSR) viruses include both animal- and plant-infecting viruses that often cause serious diseases in human and livestock, and in agronomic crops. Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV), a plant NSR virus with four negative-stranded/ambisense RNA segments, is one of the most destructive rice pathogens in many Asian countries. Due to the lack of a reliable reverse-genetics technology, molecular studies of RSV gene functions and its interaction with host plants are severely hampered. To overcome this obstacle, we developed a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for RSV gene functional analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana. We first developed a mini-replicon system expressing RSV genomic RNA3 eGFP reporter (MR3(-)eGFP), a nucleocapsid (NP), and a codon usage optimized RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRpopt), respectively. Using this mini-replicon system we determined that RSV NP and RdRpopt are indispensable for the eGFP expression from MR3(-)eGFP. The expression of eGFP from MR3(-)eGFP can be significantly enhanced in the presence of NSs and P19-HcPro-rb. In addition, NSvc4, the movement protein of RSV, facilitated eGFP trafficking between cells. We also developed an antigenomic RNA3-based replicon in N. benthamiana. However, we found that the RSV NS3 coding sequence acts as a cis-element to regulate viral RNA expression. Finally, we made mini-replicons representing all four RSV genomic RNAs. This is the first mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for monocot-infecting tenuivirus. We believe that this mini-replicon system described here will allow the studies of RSV replication, transcription, cell-to-cell movement and host machinery underpinning RSV infection in plants.
Mingfeng Feng; Luyao Li; Ruixiang Cheng; Yulong Yuan; Yongxin Dong; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Min Yao; Yi Xu; Yijun Zhou; Jianxiang Wu; Xin Shun Ding; Xueping Zhou; Xiaorong Tao. Development of a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for rice stripe tenuivirus. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMingfeng Feng, Luyao Li, Ruixiang Cheng, Yulong Yuan, Yongxin Dong, Minglong Chen, Rong Guo, Min Yao, Yi Xu, Yijun Zhou, Jianxiang Wu, Xin Shun Ding, Xueping Zhou, Xiaorong Tao. Development of a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for rice stripe tenuivirus. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingfeng Feng; Luyao Li; Ruixiang Cheng; Yulong Yuan; Yongxin Dong; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Min Yao; Yi Xu; Yijun Zhou; Jianxiang Wu; Xin Shun Ding; Xueping Zhou; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Development of a mini-replicon-based reverse-genetics system for rice stripe tenuivirus." , no. : 1.
Plant nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play crucial roles in recognizing pathogen effectors and activating plant immunity. The tomato NLR Sw-5b is a coiled-coil NLR (CC-NLR) immune receptor that confers resistance against tospoviruses, which cause serious economic losses in agronomic crops worldwide. Compared with other CC-NLRs, Sw-5b possesses an extended N-terminal Solanaceae domain (SD). The SD of Sw-5b is critical for recognition of the tospovirus viral movement protein NSm. An SD is also frequently detected in many NLRs from Solanaceae plants. However, no sequences homologous to the SD have been detected in animals or in plants other than Solanaceae. The properties of the SD protein are largely unknown, and thus 3D structural information is vital in order to better understand its role in pathogen perception and the activation of immune receptors. Here, the expression, purification and crystallization of Sw-5b SD (amino acids 1–245) are reported. Native and selenomethionine-substituted crystals of the SD protein belonged to space group P3112, with unit-cell parameters a = 81.53, b = 81.53, c = 98.44 Å and a = 81.63, b = 81.63, c = 98.80 Å, respectively. This is the first report of a structural study of the noncanonical SD domain of the NLR proteins from Solanaceae plants.
Jia Li; Jian Xin; Xinyan Zhao; Yaqian Zhao; Tongkai Wang; Weiman Xing; Xiaorong Tao. Expression, purification and crystallization of the N-terminal Solanaceae domain of the Sw-5b NLR immune receptor. Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 2021, 77, 8 -12.
AMA StyleJia Li, Jian Xin, Xinyan Zhao, Yaqian Zhao, Tongkai Wang, Weiman Xing, Xiaorong Tao. Expression, purification and crystallization of the N-terminal Solanaceae domain of the Sw-5b NLR immune receptor. Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications. 2021; 77 (1):8-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia Li; Jian Xin; Xinyan Zhao; Yaqian Zhao; Tongkai Wang; Weiman Xing; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Expression, purification and crystallization of the N-terminal Solanaceae domain of the Sw-5b NLR immune receptor." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 77, no. 1: 8-12.
Summary Plant intracellular nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play critical roles in mediating host immunity to pathogen attack. We use tomato Sw-5b::tospovirus as a model system to study the specific role of the compartmentalized plant NLR in dictating host defense against virus at different infection steps. We demonstrated here that tomato NLR Sw-5b translocates to cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, to play different roles in inducing host resistances against Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infection. The cytoplasmic Sw-5b functions to induce a strong cell death response to inhibit TSWV replication. This host response is, however, insufficient to block viral intercellular and long-distance movement. The nucleus-localized Sw-5b triggers a host defense that weakly inhibits viral replication but strongly impedes virus intercellular and systemic movement. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b act synergistically to dictate full host defense to TSWV infection. We further demonstrated that the extended N-terminal Solanaceae domain (SD) of Sw-5b plays critical roles in cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning. Sw-5b nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) controls its cytoplasm localization. Strikingly, the SD but not coil-coil (CC) domain is crucial for Sw-5b receptor to translocate from cytoplasm to nucleus to trigger the immunity. The SD was found to interact with importins. Silencing both importin α and β expression disrupted Sw-5b nucleus translocation and host immunity against TSWV systemic infection. Collectively, our findings suggest that Sw-5b bifurcates disease resistances by cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning to block different infection steps of TSWV. The findings also identified a new regulatory role of extra domain of a plant NLR in mediating host innate immunity.
Hongyu Chen; Xin Qian; Xiaojiao Chen; Tongqing Yang; Mingfeng Feng; Jing Chen; Ruixiang Cheng; Hao Hong; Ying Zheng; Yuzhen Mei; Danyu Shen; Yi Xu; Min Zhu; Xin Shun Ding; Xiaorong Tao. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to dictate full host defense against tospovirus infection. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleHongyu Chen, Xin Qian, Xiaojiao Chen, Tongqing Yang, Mingfeng Feng, Jing Chen, Ruixiang Cheng, Hao Hong, Ying Zheng, Yuzhen Mei, Danyu Shen, Yi Xu, Min Zhu, Xin Shun Ding, Xiaorong Tao. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to dictate full host defense against tospovirus infection. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongyu Chen; Xin Qian; Xiaojiao Chen; Tongqing Yang; Mingfeng Feng; Jing Chen; Ruixiang Cheng; Hao Hong; Ying Zheng; Yuzhen Mei; Danyu Shen; Yi Xu; Min Zhu; Xin Shun Ding; Xiaorong Tao. 2020. "Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to dictate full host defense against tospovirus infection." , no. : 1.
Negative-strand RNA (NSR) viruses contain not only medical important animal pathogens but also agricultural important plant pathogens. These NSR viruses cause deadliest diseases in humans, livestocks and agronomic crops and pose great threat to the health of human being and food security worldwide. The virus reverse genetics system is an important molecular genetic technology to study viral gene functions in virus infection cycle, disease pathology and virus-host interactions. For animal-infecting NSR viruses, the reverse genetics system has been established for more than twenty years. In contrast to the well-established reverse genetics systems for animal-infecting NSR viruses, establishment of such system for the plant-infecting NSR viruses turned out to be an extremely challenge work. Many research groups throughout the world have tried to use the similar strategies used for animal NSR viruses to establish reverse genetics systems for plant-infecting NSR viruses in the last twenty years but none of groups have succeeded. The absence of the reverse genetics system posed a major obstacle to molecular genetic manipulation and subsequent investigation of gene function and disease pathology for plant-infecting NSR viruses. Recently, big breakthroughs have been made in the establishment of the reverse genetics systems for plant NSR viruses by scientists from China and America, respectively. The systems were recently established for both nonsegmented and segmented plant NSR viruses. The reverse genetics system for a nonsegmented plant NSR virus was firstly developed for sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV), a non segmented nucleorhabdovirus NSR. Using the similar strategies as SYNV, barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV), a nonsegmented cytorhabdovirus NSR, was then succeeded in the establishment of reverse genetics system. The first reverse genetics system for a segmented plant NSR virus was developed using tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a tospovirus with tripartite negative-stranded/ambisense RNA genomes. The reverse genetics system was also recently developed for rose rosette virus (RRV), an emaravirus with seven negative-sense mono-cistronic RNA genomes. The establishment of the reverse genetics system for plant NSR viruses typically involves two steps. The first step requires the construction of a mini-genome replication system. The viral genomic or antigenomic RNA was flanked by hammerhead and ribozyme to generate exact viral 5¢ and 3¢ end, and driven by 35S promoter. The mini-replicon construct was co-expressed with the constructs expressing nucleocapsid (N) protein, phosphoprotein (P; essential for rhabdovirus) and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). For the segmented plant NSR viruses such as TSWV, codon optimization and removal of intron-splicing sites of RdRp sequence are critical for the expression of a functional RdRp from 35S-driven constructs in planta. The second step involves the rescue of virus entirely from full-length infectious cDNA clones in plant. The recombinant virus can carry green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene reporter and infect Nicotiana benthamiana plant systemically. The establishment of reverse genetics for different plant-infecting NSR viruses now provided powerful systems to investigate all aspects of virus infection cycle and disease pathology. The recent breakthroughs of reverse genetics systems have opened a new era for the investigation of plant-infecting NSR viruses in the future.
Mingfeng Feng; Zhike Feng; Zhenghe Li; Xianbing Wang; Xiaorong Tao. Advances in reverse genetics system of plant negative-strand RNA viruses. Chinese Science Bulletin 2020, 65, 4073 -4083.
AMA StyleMingfeng Feng, Zhike Feng, Zhenghe Li, Xianbing Wang, Xiaorong Tao. Advances in reverse genetics system of plant negative-strand RNA viruses. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2020; 65 (35):4073-4083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingfeng Feng; Zhike Feng; Zhenghe Li; Xianbing Wang; Xiaorong Tao. 2020. "Advances in reverse genetics system of plant negative-strand RNA viruses." Chinese Science Bulletin 65, no. 35: 4073-4083.
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses and often causes severe crop losses worldwide. Generally, mature plants become more resistant to pathogens, known as adult plant resistance. In this study, we demonstrated a new phenomenon involving developmentally regulated susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to TSWV. We found that Arabidopsis plants become more susceptible to TSWV as plants mature. Most young 3‐week‐old Arabidopsis were not infected by TSWV. Infection of TSWV in 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐week‐old Arabidopsis increased from 9%, 21%, and 25%, respectively, to 100% in 7‐ to 8‐week‐old Arabidopsis plants. Different isolates of TSWV and different tospoviruses show a low rate of infection in young Arabidopsis but a high rate in mature plants. When Arabidopsis dcl2/3/4 or rdr1/2/6 mutant plants were inoculated with TSWV, similar results as observed for the wild‐type Arabidopsis plants were obtained. A cell‐to‐cell movement assay showed that the intercellular movement efficiency of TSWV NSm:GFP fusion was significantly higher in 8‐week‐old Arabidopsis leaves compared with 4‐week‐old Arabidopsis leaves. Moreover, the expression levels of pectin methylesterase and β‐1,3‐glucanase , which play critical roles in macromolecule cell‐to‐cell trafficking, were significantly up‐regulated in 8‐week‐old Arabidopsis leaves compared with 4‐week‐old Arabidopsis leaves during TSWV infection. To date, this mature plant susceptibility to pathogen infections has rarely been investigated. Thus, the findings presented here should advance our knowledge on the developmentally regulated mature host susceptibility to plant virus infection.
Ying Huang; Hao Hong; Min Xu; Jiaoling Yan; Jing Dai; Jianyan Wu; Zhike Feng; Min Zhu; Zhongkai Zhang; Xuefeng Yuan; Xinshun Ding; Xiaorong Tao. Developmentally regulated Arabidopsis thaliana susceptibility to tomato spotted wilt virus infection. Molecular Plant Pathology 2020, 21, 985 -998.
AMA StyleYing Huang, Hao Hong, Min Xu, Jiaoling Yan, Jing Dai, Jianyan Wu, Zhike Feng, Min Zhu, Zhongkai Zhang, Xuefeng Yuan, Xinshun Ding, Xiaorong Tao. Developmentally regulated Arabidopsis thaliana susceptibility to tomato spotted wilt virus infection. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2020; 21 (7):985-998.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing Huang; Hao Hong; Min Xu; Jiaoling Yan; Jing Dai; Jianyan Wu; Zhike Feng; Min Zhu; Zhongkai Zhang; Xuefeng Yuan; Xinshun Ding; Xiaorong Tao. 2020. "Developmentally regulated Arabidopsis thaliana susceptibility to tomato spotted wilt virus infection." Molecular Plant Pathology 21, no. 7: 985-998.
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a negative-stranded RNA virus that infects hundreds of plant species, causing great economic loss. Infected Arabidopsis thaliana plants develop symptoms including chlorosis and wilt, which can lead to cell death. From 9 to 15 days after TSWV infection, symptoms progress through a three-stage process of appearance, severity, and death. In this study, deep sequencing technology was first used to explore gene expression in response to TSWV infection in model plant A. thaliana at different symptom development stages. We found that plant immune defense and protein degradation are induced by TSWV infection and that both inductions became stronger over time. The photosynthesis pathway was attenuated with TSWV infection. Cell wall metabolism had a large extent of downregulation while some genes were upregulated. These results illustrate the dynamic nature of TSWV infection in A. thaliana at the whole-transcriptome level. The link between biological processes and subpathway metabolism was further analyzed. Our study provides new insight into host regulatory networks and dynamic processes in response to TSWV infection.
Min Xu; Jing Chen; Ying Huang; Danyu Shen; Peng Sun; Yi Xu; Xiaorong Tao. Dynamic Transcriptional Profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana Infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus. Phytopathology® 2020, 110, 153 -163.
AMA StyleMin Xu, Jing Chen, Ying Huang, Danyu Shen, Peng Sun, Yi Xu, Xiaorong Tao. Dynamic Transcriptional Profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana Infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus. Phytopathology®. 2020; 110 (1):153-163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Xu; Jing Chen; Ying Huang; Danyu Shen; Peng Sun; Yi Xu; Xiaorong Tao. 2020. "Dynamic Transcriptional Profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana Infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus." Phytopathology® 110, no. 1: 153-163.
Although many spherical and rod-shaped plant virus purification protocols are now available, only a few protocols on filamentous plant virus purification have been published. Here, we report a protocol for large-scale purification of Rice stripe virus (RSV) from RSV-infected rice tissues. RSV virions with high infectivity were first precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) followed by pelleting through primary ultracentrifugation, ultracentrifugation in a glycerol cushion and ultracentrifugation in density gradient. The purified RSV virions can not only be viewed as filamentous particles under an electron microscope, but can also be acquired by insect vector through direct injection into insect body or through membrane feeding prior to transmission to rice plants.
Gang Lu; Min Yao; Yijun Zhou; Xiaorong Tao. Purification of Rice Stripe Virus. BIO-PROTOCOL 2020, 10, e3565 -e3565.
AMA StyleGang Lu, Min Yao, Yijun Zhou, Xiaorong Tao. Purification of Rice Stripe Virus. BIO-PROTOCOL. 2020; 10 (6):e3565-e3565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Lu; Min Yao; Yijun Zhou; Xiaorong Tao. 2020. "Purification of Rice Stripe Virus." BIO-PROTOCOL 10, no. 6: e3565-e3565.
Negative-stranded/ambisense RNA viruses (NSVs) include not only dangerous pathogens of medical importance but also serious plant pathogens of agronomic importance. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most important plant NSVs, infecting more than 1,000 plant species, and poses major threats to global food security. The segmented negative-stranded/ambisense RNA genomes of TSWV, however, have been a major obstacle to molecular genetic manipulation. In this study, we report the complete recovery of infectious TSWV entirely from complementary DNA (cDNA) clones. First, a replication- and transcription-competent minigenome replication system was established based on 35S-driven constructs of the S(−)-genomic (g) or S(+)-antigenomic (ag) RNA template, flanked by the 5′ hammerhead and 3′ ribozyme sequence of hepatitis delta virus, a nucleocapsid (N) protein gene and codon-optimized viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Next, a movement-competent minigenome replication system was developed based on M(−)-gRNA, which was able to complement cell-to-cell and systemic movement of reconstituted ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) of S RNA replicon. Finally, infectious TSWV and derivatives carrying eGFP reporters were rescued in planta via simultaneous expression of full-length cDNA constructs coding for S(+)-agRNA, M(−)-gRNA, and L(+)-agRNA in which the glycoprotein gene sequence of M(−)-gRNA was optimized. Viral rescue occurred with the addition of various RNAi suppressors including P19, HcPro, and γb, but TSWV NSs interfered with the rescue of genomic RNA. This reverse genetics system for TSWV now allows detailed molecular genetic analysis of all aspects of viral infection cycle and pathogenicity.
Mingfeng Feng; Ruixiang Cheng; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Luyao Li; Zhike Feng; Jianyan Wu; Li Xie; Jian Hong; Zhongkai Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 117, 1181 -1190.
AMA StyleMingfeng Feng, Ruixiang Cheng, Minglong Chen, Rong Guo, Luyao Li, Zhike Feng, Jianyan Wu, Li Xie, Jian Hong, Zhongkai Zhang, Richard Kormelink, Xiaorong Tao. Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019; 117 (2):1181-1190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingfeng Feng; Ruixiang Cheng; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Luyao Li; Zhike Feng; Jianyan Wu; Li Xie; Jian Hong; Zhongkai Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. 2019. "Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2: 1181-1190.
The XIth International Symposium on Thysanoptera and Tospoviruses co-hosted by the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Nanjing Agricultural University was held from September 21-25 in Kunming, China (Figure 1) [...].
Xiaorong Tao; Zhongkai Zhang. The XIth International Symposium on Thysanoptera and Tospoviruses Co-sponsored by Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Nanjing Agricultural University in Kunming, China 2019. Viruses 2019, 11, 939 .
AMA StyleXiaorong Tao, Zhongkai Zhang. The XIth International Symposium on Thysanoptera and Tospoviruses Co-sponsored by Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Nanjing Agricultural University in Kunming, China 2019. Viruses. 2019; 11 (10):939.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaorong Tao; Zhongkai Zhang. 2019. "The XIth International Symposium on Thysanoptera and Tospoviruses Co-sponsored by Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Nanjing Agricultural University in Kunming, China 2019." Viruses 11, no. 10: 939.
Tospoviruses are among the most important plant pathogens and cause serious crop losses worldwide. Tospoviruses have evolved to smartly utilize the host cellular machinery to accomplish their life cycle. Plants mount two layers of defense to combat their invasion. The first one involves the activation of an antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) defense response. However, tospoviruses encode an RNA silencing suppressor that enables them to counteract antiviral RNAi. To further combat viral invasion, plants also employ intracellular innate immune receptors (e.g., Sw-5b and Tsw) to recognize different viral effectors (e.g., NSm and NSs). This leads to the triggering of a much more robust defense against tospoviruses called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Tospoviruses have further evolved their effectors and can break Sw-5b-/Tsw-mediated resistance. The arms race between tospoviruses and both layers of innate immunity drives the coevolution of host defense and viral genes involved in counter defense. In this review, a state-of-the-art overview is presented on the tospoviral life cycle and the multilined interplays between tospoviruses and the distinct layers of defense.
Min Zhu; Irene Louise Van Grinsven; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2019, 57, 41 -62.
AMA StyleMin Zhu, Irene Louise Van Grinsven, Richard Kormelink, Xiaorong Tao. Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2019; 57 (1):41-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Zhu; Irene Louise Van Grinsven; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. 2019. "Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity." Annual Review of Phytopathology 57, no. 1: 41-62.
The group of negative strand RNA viruses (NSVs) includes not only dangerous pathogens of medical importance but also serious plant pathogens of agronomical importance. Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) is one of those plant NSVs that cause severe diseases on agronomic crops and pose major threats to global food security. Its negative-strand segmented RNA genome has, however, always posed a major obstacle to molecular genetic manipulation. In this study, we report the complete recovery of infectious TSWV entirely from cDNA clones, the first reverse genetics (RG) system for a segmented plant NSV. First, a replication and transcription competent mini-genome replication system was established based on 35S-driven constructs of the S(-)-genomic (g) or S(+)-antigenomic (ag) RNA template, flanked by a 5’ Hammerhead and 3’ Ribozyme sequence of Hepatitis Delta virus, a nucleocapsid (N) protein gene and codon-optimized viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Next, a movement competent mini-genome replication system was developed based on M(-)-gRNA, which was able to complement cell-to-cell and systemic movement of reconstituted ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) of S RNA replicon. After further optimization, infectious TSWV and derivatives carrying eGFP reporters were successfully rescuedin plantavia simultaneous expression of full-length cDNA constructs coding for S(+)-agRNA, M(-)-gRNA and L(+)-agRNA. Viral rescue occurred in the additional presence of various viral suppressors of RNAi, but TSWV NSs interfered with the rescue of genomic RNA. The establishment of a RG system for TSWV now allows detailed molecular genetic analysis of all aspects of tospovirus life cycle and their pathogenicity.SignificanceFor many different animal-infecting segmented negative-strand viruses (NSVs), a reverse genetics system has been established that allows the generation of mutant viruses to study disease pathology and the role ofcis- andtrans-acting elements in the virus life cycle. In contrast to the relative ease to establish RG systems for animal-infecting NSVs, establishment of such system for the plant-infecting NSVs with a segmented RNA genome so far has not been successful. Here we report the first reverse genetics system for a segmented plant NSV, the Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, a virus with a tripartite RNA genome. The establishment of this RG system now provides us with a new and powerful platform to study their disease pathology during a natural infection.
Mingfeng Feng; Ruixiang Cheng; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Luyao Li; Zhike Feng; Jianyan Wu; Li Xie; Jian Hong; Zhongkai Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. Rescue of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus entirely from cDNA clones, establishment of the first reverse genetics system for a segmented (-)RNA plant virus. 2019, 680900 .
AMA StyleMingfeng Feng, Ruixiang Cheng, Minglong Chen, Rong Guo, Luyao Li, Zhike Feng, Jianyan Wu, Li Xie, Jian Hong, Zhongkai Zhang, Richard Kormelink, Xiaorong Tao. Rescue of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus entirely from cDNA clones, establishment of the first reverse genetics system for a segmented (-)RNA plant virus. . 2019; ():680900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingfeng Feng; Ruixiang Cheng; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Luyao Li; Zhike Feng; Jianyan Wu; Li Xie; Jian Hong; Zhongkai Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. 2019. "Rescue of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus entirely from cDNA clones, establishment of the first reverse genetics system for a segmented (-)RNA plant virus." , no. : 680900.
Many persistent transmitted plant viruses, including rice stripe virus (RSV), cause serious damage to crop production worldwide. Although many reports have indicated that a successful insect-mediated virus transmission depends on a proper interaction between the virus and its insect vector, the mechanism(s) controlling this interaction remained poorly understood. In this study, we used RSV and its small brown planthopper (SBPH) vector as a working model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the entrance of RSV virions into SBPH midgut cells for virus circulative and propagative transmission. We have determined that this non-enveloped tenuivirus uses its non-structural glycoprotein NSvc2 as a helper component to overcome the midgut barrier(s) for RSV replication and transmission. In the absence of this glycoprotein, purified RSV virions were unable to enter SBPH midgut cells. In the RSV-infected cells, this glycoprotein was processed into two mature proteins: an amino-terminal protein (NSvc2-N) and a carboxyl-terminal protein (NSvc2-C). Both NSvc2-N and NSvc2-C interact with RSV virions. Our results showed that the NSvc2-N could bind directly to the surface of midgut lumen via its N-glycosylation sites. Upon recognition, the midgut cells underwent endocytosis followed by compartmentalization of RSV virions and NSvc2 into early and then late endosomes. The NSvc2-C triggered cell membrane fusion via its highly conserved fusion loop motifs under the acidic condition inside the late endosomes, leading to the release of RSV virions from endosomes into cytosol. In summary, our results showed for the first time that a rice tenuivirus utilized its glycoprotein NSvc2 as a helper component to ensure a proper interaction between its virions and SBPH midgut cells for its circulative and propagative transmission. Over 75% of the known plant viruses are insect transmitted. Understanding how plant viruses interact with their insect vectors during virus transmission is a key step towards the successful management of plant viruses worldwide. Several models for the direct or indirect virus–insect vector interactions have been proposed for the non-persistent or semi-persistent virus transmissions. However, the mechanisms controlling the interactions between viruses and their insect vector midgut barriers are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the circulative and propagative transmitted rice stripe virus (RSV) utilized its glycoprotein NSvc2 as a helper component to ensure a specific interaction between its virions and SBPH midgut cells to overcome the midgut barriers inside this vector. This is the first report of a viral helper component mediated mechanism for persistent-propagative virus transmission. Our new findings and working model should expand our knowledge on the molecular mechanism(s) controlling the interaction between virus and its insect vector during virus circulative and propagative transmission in nature.
Gang Lu; Shuo Li; Changwei Zhou; Xin Qian; Qing Xiang; Tongqing Yang; Jianxiang Wu; Xueping Zhou; Yijun Zhou; Xin S. Ding; Xiaorong Tao. Tenuivirus utilizes its glycoprotein as a helper component to overcome insect midgut barriers for its circulative and propagative transmission. PLOS Pathogens 2019, 15, e1007655 .
AMA StyleGang Lu, Shuo Li, Changwei Zhou, Xin Qian, Qing Xiang, Tongqing Yang, Jianxiang Wu, Xueping Zhou, Yijun Zhou, Xin S. Ding, Xiaorong Tao. Tenuivirus utilizes its glycoprotein as a helper component to overcome insect midgut barriers for its circulative and propagative transmission. PLOS Pathogens. 2019; 15 (3):e1007655.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Lu; Shuo Li; Changwei Zhou; Xin Qian; Qing Xiang; Tongqing Yang; Jianxiang Wu; Xueping Zhou; Yijun Zhou; Xin S. Ding; Xiaorong Tao. 2019. "Tenuivirus utilizes its glycoprotein as a helper component to overcome insect midgut barriers for its circulative and propagative transmission." PLOS Pathogens 15, no. 3: e1007655.
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors play critical roles in pathogen surveillance. Most plant NLRs characterized so far were found to use single domain/sensor to recognize pathogen effectors. Here we report that Sw-5b NLR immune receptor uses two distinct domains to detect the viral movement protein NSm encoded by tospovirus. In addition to the previously reported LRR domain, we found that the N-terminal Solanaceae domain (SD) of Sw-5b also interacts with NSm and a conserved 21-amino acids region of NSm (NSm). The specific interaction between Sw-5b SD and NSm is required for releasing the CC inhibition on NB-ARC-LRR region. Our results showed that the binding of NSm affects the nucleotide-binding activity of the NB-ARC-LRR in vitro. However, Sw-5b NB-ARC-LRR is activated only when NSm and NSm levels were higher. Strikingly, Sw-5b SD could significantly enhance the ability of NB-ARC-LRR to detect low levels of NSm effector and facilitate its activation to induce defense response. The Sw-5b SD mutant that is disrupted in NSm recognition failed to enhance the ability of NB-ARC-LRR in sensing low levels of NSm and NSm. Taken together, our results suggest that Sw-5b SD functions as an extra sensor and the NB-ARC-LRR functions as an activator and Sw-5b NLR adopts a two-step recognition mechanism to enhance viral effector perception.
Jia Li; Haining Huang; Min Zhu; Shen Huang; Wenhua Zhang; Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar; Xiaorong Tao. A Plant Immune Receptor Adopts a Two-Step Recognition Mechanism to Enhance Viral Effector Perception. Molecular Plant 2019, 12, 248 -262.
AMA StyleJia Li, Haining Huang, Min Zhu, Shen Huang, Wenhua Zhang, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar, Xiaorong Tao. A Plant Immune Receptor Adopts a Two-Step Recognition Mechanism to Enhance Viral Effector Perception. Molecular Plant. 2019; 12 (2):248-262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia Li; Haining Huang; Min Zhu; Shen Huang; Wenhua Zhang; Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar; Xiaorong Tao. 2019. "A Plant Immune Receptor Adopts a Two-Step Recognition Mechanism to Enhance Viral Effector Perception." Molecular Plant 12, no. 2: 248-262.