Microbiome is the community of microorganism that co-live with a host. The human being is the result of the integration of its genome and the coexistence with millions of microorganisms throughout its evolutionary history. Human-microbiome association can be considered a step of integration in evolution, constituting a superorganism. Many emergent diseases are related to the loss of part of this microbiome and its restoration can be achieved by different strategies. Gut microbiome imbalance is particularly associated with numerous inflammatory, immune and nervous system-related diseases by a communication pathway called microbiome–brain axis. Modulation of microbiome by administering prebiotics, like arabinoxylans, and synbiotics is a plausible treatment for dysbiosis, the regulation of neurotransmitters and alleviation of neurological manifestations.

The study of the human microbiome or community of microorganisms and collection of genomes found in the human body is one of the fastest growing rese

Holistic emerging approaches allow us to understand that every organism is the result of integration mechanisms observed at every level of nature: integration of DNA from virus and bacteria in metazoans, endosymbiotic relationships and holobionts. Horizontal gene transfer events in Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes have resulted in the chimeric nature of genomes. As a continuity of this genomic landscape, the human body contains more bacterial than human cells. Human microbiome has co-evolved with the human being as a unity called holobiont. The loss of part of our microbiome along evolution can explain the continuous increasing incidence of immune and inflammatory-related diseases. Life is a continuous process in which the organism experiences its environment and this interaction impacts in the epigenetic system and the genomic structure. The emerging perspectives restitute the great importance of Lamarck's theoretical contributions (the milieu) and Darwin's pangenesis theory.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen causative of opportunistic infections. Listeriosis is associated with severe infections in pregnant women causing abortion or neonatal listeriosis. An alternative to antibiotics are safe novel bacteriocins peptides such as enterocin CRL35 with strong antilisterial activity produced by Enterococcus mundtii CRL35. In the present paper, our goal is to study the effectiveness of this peptide and the producer strain in a murine model of pregnancy-associated listeriosis. A single dose of 5×10 ⁹ colony-forming unit of L. monocytogenes FBUNT (Faculty of Biochemistry—University of Tucumán) resulted in translocation of pathogen to liver and spleen of BALB/c pregnant mice. The maximum level of Listeria was observed on day 3 postinfection. Interestingly, the intragastric administration of enterocin CRL35 significantly reduced the translocation of the pathogen to vital organs. On the other hand, the preadministration of E. mundtii CRL35 slightly inhibited this translocation. Listeria infection caused a significant increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes at day 3 postinfection compared to the noninfected group. This value was reduced after the administration of enterocin CRL35. No significant changes were observed in either white blood cells or lymphocytes counts. Based on the data presented in the present work enterocin CRL35 would be a promising alternative for the prevention of Listeria infections.