Alcohol-related hepatitis (AH) is a severe, life-threatening liver inflammation caused by chronic heavy drinking, with high short-term mortality despite abstinence and supportive care. The pathophysiology involves a compromised gut–liver axis, activation of Kupffer cells, stimulation of hepatic stellate cells, and progressive fibrosis. Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, play a role as modulators of these processes. Understanding dysregulated miRNAs in AH may provide insights into novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Several miRNAs have been identified as critical regulators of AH pathogenesis. Upregulated miRNAs, including miRNA-217, miRNA-182, let-7b, miRNA-21, and miRNA-34a, promote inflammation through NF-κB activation, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, cytokine production, and ductular reactions. Conversely, downregulated miRNAs such as miRNA-148a, miRNA-30e, and miRNA-483-3p are associated with impaired hepatocyte differentiation, dysregulated oxidative stress responses, and enhanced Mallory–Denk body formation. Considering that miRNAs are pivotal regulators of AH pathophysiology including immune activation, hepatocyte death, fibrosis, and metabolic dysregulation, their altered expression patterns not only illuminate key pathogenic pathways but also provide promising avenues for biomarker discovery and therapeutic targeting. This review aims to summarize the current literature regarding the miRNA profiles involved in alcohol-related hepatitis, their individual mechanistic roles in pathogenesis of AH, and their potential for biomarkers.

Introduction: Liver transplant (LT) recipients are at high risk of infections due to chronic immunosuppression, complex perioperative factors, and preexisting malnutrition. These infections significantly contribute to increased morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the burden and impact of infections on in-hospital outcomes among LT recipients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2022 to identify LT recipients. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on the presence of infections. Demographic characteristics, underlying liver disease, liver-related decompensations, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to assess the independent impact of infections on outcomes. Results: Among 247,955 LT recipients, 84,660 (34.1%) developed infections during hospitalization. The most frequently observed infections were pneumonia (12.8%), urinary tract infections (10.7%), and skin and soft tissue infections (5.2%). After adjustment for potential confounders, infections were significantly associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.93 to 2.43; P < 0.001), prolonged length of stay (adjusted coefficient: 2.34 d; 95% CI: 2.15 to 2.53; P < 0.001), and higher total hospitalization charges (adjusted coefficient: $25,424.53; 95% CI: $22,068.63 to $28,780.42; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Infections remain a common and clinically significant complication in LT recipients, leading to worse hospital outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of early identification, preventive strategies, and optimized management to improve posttransplant outcomes and reduce health care burden.