To solve the taxonomic affiliation of Bulbophyllum physometrum, the only known species of the Bulbophyllym sect. Physometra (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae), we conducted phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear markers, i.e., ITS and the low-copy gene Xdh, and the plastid region matK. We used Asian Bulbophyllum taxa, with a special focus on species from the sections Lemniscata and Blepharistes, i.e., the only Asian sections of this genus with bifoliate pseudobulbs, as in B. physometrum. Unexpectedly, the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that B. physometrum is most probably more related to the representatives of the sections Hirtula and Sestochilos than Blepharistes or Lemniscata.

The phylogeny of the genus Paphiopedilum based on the plastome is consistent with morphological analysis. However, to date, none of the analyzed nuclear markers has confirmed this. Topology incongruence among the trees of different nuclear markers concerns entire sections of the subgenus Paphiopedilum. The low-copy nuclear protein-coding gene PHYC was obtained for 22 species representing all sections and subgenera of Paphiopedilum. The nuclear-based phylogeny is supported by morphological characteristics and plastid data analysis. We assumed that an incongruence in nuclear gene trees is caused by ancestral homoploid hybridization. We present a model for inferring the phylogeny of the species despite the incongruence of the different tree topologies. Our analysis, based on six low-copy nuclear genes, is congruent with plastome phylogeny and has been confirmed by phylogenetic network analysis.

The aim of this paper is to present materials towards the taxonomic revision ofBrachycorythis-complex (Orchidinae, Orchidaceae), which constitutes seven terrestrial genera and forty-eight species distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and SW Asia. The detailed morphological descriptions, together with distribution data and ecological preferences for particular taxa are provided. Artificial keys for taxa identification were prepared. A molecular timescale forBrachycorythisspecies on a background of the subtribe Orchidinae was reconstructed using nuclear and plastid molecular markers. The results show that representatives ofBrachycorythisseparated from its last common ancestor presumably ca 20 Mya and the youngest taxa within the group seem to be its Asiatic representatives.

The neotropical orchid genusTelipogonKunth was established in 1815 and currently comprises more than 250 species. Representatives of this genus are generally epiphytic plants lacking pseudobulbs. The stem is either abbreviated or elongate and the leaves are conduplicate. Flowers are usually resupinate with small sepals and petals similar to the lip, but sometimes different. The gynostemium is covered by stiff or soft hairs. This monograph is a presentation of taxonomic diversity of the orchid genusTelipogonin Colombia and adjecent areas. Morphological characteristics of a total of 96Telipogonspecies from Colombia are presented together with information about over 50 taxa found in neighboring countries. A brief discussion of an additional seven taxa described in Colombia, but insufficiently characterized, is also given. Illustrations of perianth segments of almost all national genus representatives are provided. Twenty-five species are described in this paper for the first time –Telipogon alinae,T. bicallosus,T. bugalagrandei,T. castanedoi,T. chimborazoensis,T. cocuyensis,T. cuatrecasasii,T. fassetti,T. fernandezii,T. flabellatus,T. garayi,T. hirsutus,T. huertasii,T. idroboi,T. killipi,T. kraenzlinianus,T. orozcoi,T. pasquillensis,T. schlimii,T. spathipetala,T. sumapazensis,T. tolimensis,T. trianae,T. trilabiatus, andT. verrucosus. Several morphologically consistent groups are distinguished to facilitate identification ofTelipogonrepresentatives. Keys for determination of species within each group are provided.

Introduction: The monotypic genus Ambrella H. Perrier, endemic to Madagascar and traditionally placed within the subtribe Angraecinae, has long poses a challenge in terms of its phylogenetic classification.Methods: To clarify the evolutionary position of Ambrella, analyzed nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK) markers applying maximum likelihood methods for phylogenetic inference and estimating divergence times using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock model implemented in BEAST.Results: Our results show that Ambrella forms a strongly supported clade with the Malagasy genera Cryptopus Lindl., Oeonia Lindl., and Neobathiea Schltr. Despite the phylogenetic proximity, Ambrella remains morphologically distinct, particularly in terms of its floral architecture. According to molecular dating, the lineage leading to Ambrella diverged during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (ca. 8.8–3.3 Mya), a period of substantial ecological change in Madagascar.Discussion: The results of this study provide new insight into the evolutionary history of Ambrella and clarify its phylogenetic position within Vandeae. Despite forming a well-supported clade with other Malagasy genera such as Cryptopus, Oeonia, and Neobathiea, Ambrella maintains clear morphological distinctiveness, particularly in its floral architecture. This suggests that its most striking morphological features may have evolved independently.