The stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) is influenced by soil microbes and environmental factors, particularly temperature, which significantly affects SOC decomposition. This study investigates the effects of temperature (ambient: 25 °C; elevated: 27.5 °C) and soil microbial diversity (low, medium, and high) on the formation of stabilized SOC, focusing on mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) and water-stable aggregates, through a 75-day model soil incubation experiment. We measured water-stable aggregates, microbial respiration, and SOC in different fractions. Our results demonstrate that microbial diversity is crucial for SOC mineralization; low diversity resulted in 3.93–6.26% lower total carbon and 8.05–17.32% lower particulate organic carbon (POC) compared to medium and high diversity under the same temperature. While total MAOC was unaffected by temperature and microbial diversity, macroaggregate-occluded MAOC decreased by 8.78%, 38.36% and 9.40% under elevated temperature for low, medium and high diversity, respectively, likely driven by decreased macroaggregate formation. A negative correlation between macroaggregate-occluded POC and microbial respiration (r= -0.37, p < 0.05) suggested microbial decomposition of POC within macroaggregates contributed to respiration, with a portion of the decomposed POC potentially stabilized as microbial-derived MAOC. Notably, soils with medium microbial diversity exhibited the highest levels of both macroaggregate-occluded POC and MAOC at ambient temperature; however, elevated temperature disrupted this stabilization, reducing both POC retention and MAOC accumulation within macroaggregates. These findings underscore the temperature-sensitive interplay between microbial diversity and SOC stabilization, highlighting the need to disentangle microbial pathways governing C dynamics under climate change.

Soil microbes play a vital role in tidal flat ecosystems but are highly susceptible to disturbances from land reclamation. This study investigated the dynamics of bacterial communities and their environmental drivers across a 50-year reclamation chronosequence under three vegetation types (bare flats, reed beds, and rice fields). The results showed that, after 50 years of reclamation, total dissolved salts decreased significantly in vegetated zones, particularly in rice fields, where Cl⁻ dropped by 54.71% and nutrients (SOC, TN, TP) increased substantially. Key ions, including HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, and K⁺, were the primary drivers of microbial community structure, exerting more influence than total salinity (TDS) or pH. Bacterial abundance and diversity increased over time, with rice fields showing the highest values after 50 years. Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria were positively correlated with HCO₃⁻ and K⁺, while Cl⁻ negatively affected Acidobacteriota. Genus-level analyses revealed that specific taxa, such as Sphingomonas and Gaiella, exhibited ion responses diverging from broader phylum-level patterns, exemplifying niche-specific adaptations to salinity regimes. These findings underscore the pivotal role of vegetation type and individual salinity ions in driving microbial succession during tidal flat reclamation. A phased vegetation strategy, starting with reed colonization and followed by rice cultivation, can enhance soil quality and microbial diversity. This research provides important insights for optimizing vegetation management and ion monitoring in sustainable tidal flat reclamation.

In intensive vegetable production systems, long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers often leads to soil degradation and microbial imbalance, highlighting the need for sustainable biotillage strategies. In this study, a long-term field experiment examined how vegetable–earthworm co-cultivation (VE) combined with different fertilization regimes affects vegetable yield, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial communities. VE significantly improved vegetable yield, with full chemical fertilization (VE_IF100) and a 30% reduction in chemical fertilizer supplemented with organic fertilizer (VE_IF70) increasing yields by 30.86% and 26.02%, respectively, relative to full fertilization without earthworms (CK_IF100). VE also moderated soil pH toward neutrality. VE_IF100 decreased the soil C/N ratio, whereas VE_IF70 increased it and enhanced available hydrolyzable nitrogen, indicating a more balanced nutrient transformation. Microbial analysis revealed that VE_IF100 reduced bacterial abundance while strongly increasing fungal abundance, decreasing the bacteria-to-fungi ratio from 3.51 to 0.53. In contrast, VE_IF70 restored the bacteria-to-fungi ratio to 1.65 and increased fungal diversity, with the Shannon and Chao1 indices exceeding those in VE_IF100. Bacterial genera associated with nutrient cycling and plant growth promotion (e.g., Brevundimonas, Anaeromyxobacter) were enriched under VE_IF70, while fungal taxa with antagonistic and biocontrol potential (e.g., Chaetomium, Arthrobotrys) also increased. Redundancy analysis identified the soil C/N ratio (ranging from 5.94 to 8.60 across treatments) as a key driver of both bacterial and fungal community structures, whereas pH exerted a stronger influence on fungi. Random forest analysis indicated that the annual total vegetable yield was primarily driven by fertilization and available phosphorus in VE systems, whereas pH and bacterial abundance were the main drivers in CK systems. Overall, earthworm inoculation combined with partial organic fertilizer substitution improved soil conditions, reshaped microbial communities, and maintained high yield, demonstrating a practical strategy for sustainable vegetable production.