Introduction. Artificial intelligence (AI) models have been employed to automate decision-making, from commerce to more critical fields directly affecting human lives, including healthcare. Although the vast majority of these proposed AI systems are considered black box models that lack explainability, there is an increasing trend of attempting to create medical explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) systems using approaches such as attention mechanisms and surrogate models. An AI system is said to be explainable if humans can tell how the system reached its decision. Various XAI-driven healthcare approaches and their performances in the current study are discussed. The toolkits used in local and global post hoc explainability and the multiple techniques for explainability pertaining the Rational, Data, and Performance explainability are discussed in the current study. Methods. The explainability of the artificial intelligence model in the healthcare domain is implemented through the Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations and Shapley Additive Explanations for better comprehensibility of the internal working mechanism of the original AI models and the correlation among the feature set that influences decision of the model. Results. The current state-of-the-art XAI-based and future technologies through XAI are reported on research findings in various implementation aspects, including research challenges and limitations of existing models. The role of XAI in the healthcare domain ranging from the earlier prediction of future illness to the diseases smart diagnosis is discussed. The metrics considered in evaluating the models explainability are presented, along with various explainability tools. Three case studies about the role of XAI in the healthcare domain with their performances are incorporated for better comprehensibility. Conclusion. The future perspective of XAI in healthcare will assist in obtaining research insight in the healthcare domain.

The advancement of modern agriculture is heavily dependent on accurate weed detection, which contributes to efficient resource utilization and increased crop yield. Traditional methods, however, often need more accuracy and efficiency. This paper presents WeedFocusNet, an innovative approach that leverages attention-driven ResNet152V2 transfer learning addresses these challenges. This approach enhances model generalization and focuses on critical features for weed identification, thereby overcoming the limitations of existing methods. The objective is to develop a model that enhances weed detection accuracy and optimizes computational efficiency. WeedFocusNet, a novel deep-learning model, performs weed detection better by employing attention-driven transfer learning based on the ResNet152V2 architecture. The model integrates an attention module, concentrating its predictions on the most significant image features. Evaluated on a dataset of weed and crop images, WeedFocusNet achieved an accuracy of 99.28%, significantly outperforming previous methods and models, such as MobileNetV2, ResNet50, and custom CNN models, in terms of accuracy, time complexity, and memory usage, despite its larger memory footprint. These results emphasize the transformative potential of WeedFocusNet as a powerful approach for automating weed detection in agricultural fields.