To evaluate the efficacy of neuromuscular training (NMT) in preventing knee injuries in female team sport athletes and identify dose-response relationships with intervention complexity, compliance, and session parameters. This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized controlled trials on NMT for injury prevention in female team-sport athletes were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to December 2024. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models depending on heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses examined compliance, session duration, training frequency, and NMT components. NMT significantly reduced overall knee injury risk by 22% (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.94, p = 0.008) and ACL injury risk by 50% (RR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31-0.81, p = 0.005). Specifically, high compliance (≥75%) was identified as the most effective factor (RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51-0.87, p = 0.004), outperforming program complexity. Sessions lasting longer than 15 min (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60-0.93, p = 0.008) and delivered 2-3 times per week (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99, p = 0.04) showed significant benefits. Moreover, agility (RR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56-0.88, p = 0.002) and running mechanics training (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.93, p = 0.003) were independently associated with injury prevention. NMT reduced knee injury risk in female team sport athletes, with compliance ≥75% indispensable. ≥15-minute sessions delivered 2-3 times weekly can optimise the outcomes. Meanwhile, clinical implementation should prioritize coach-led adherence strategies and evidence-based programs such as FIFA 11+ injury prevention programme (FIFA 11+). Finally, standardising exposure metrics and incorporating sensor-based compliance tracking will enhance scalability.

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of proprioceptive training on the rehabilitation of patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) including subjective knee functional scores, knee proprioception, knee range of motion, flexion strength and single-leg hopping ability. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on proprioceptive training for ACLR patients from the inception of the databases to December 2, 2024. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation evaluated evidence levels, and the effect size combination, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were performed using Stata 17. Thirteen studies with a total of 529 patients were included. The meta-analysis indicated that proprioceptive training significantly improved subjective knee functional scores (Hedge's g = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.9, p = 0.00), single-leg hopping ability (Hedge's g = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.72, p = 0.00), and knee proprioception (Hedge's g = -0.8, 95% CI: -1.33 to -0.28, p = 0.00) in ACLR patients. However, proprioceptive training did not have a significant effect on knee range of motion or flexion strength. Proprioceptive training improves subjective knee functional scores, single-leg hopping ability and proprioception but does not significantly enhance knee range of motion or flexion strength in ACLR patients.

Background: The global aging population has led to a public health crisis, with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, arterial stiffness, and obesity becoming major concerns. Resistance training (RT) has been shown to improve cardiovascular health, but traditional RT has certain limitations.Objective and data sources: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the effects of circuit-based resistance training (CBRT) on blood pressure, arterial stiffness as well as body composition in community-dwelling older adults. PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, five databases in total, were searched until January 2025. The analysis was restricted to randomized controlled trials.Methods: A total of 14 studies, involving 704 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The primary outcomes assessed were arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and body composition.Results: Significant intervention effects were identified in systolic blood pressure (WMD = −6.10 mmHg, 95% CI: −8.07 to −4.12), diastolic blood pressure (WMD = −2.88 mmHg, 95% CI: −3.96 to −1.81), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (WMD = −101.81 cm/s, 95% CI: −136.92 to −66.70), percentage of body fat (WMD = −3.21%, 95% CI: −4.20 to −2.22), fat mass (WMD = −4.83 kg, 95% CI: −8.80 to −0.86), lean body mass (WMD = 1.36 kg, 95% CI: 0.83–1.89), and femoral neck bone mineral content (WMD = 0.27 g, 95% CI: 0.14–0.39). Subgroup analysis by training frequency showed that participants with high training frequency (>3 sessions/week) reduce systolic blood pressure more significantly compared to moderate to low training frequency (≤2 sessions/week) while diastolic blood pressure show no difference between subgroups.Conclusion: CBRT interventions improve blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and body composition in community-dwelling older adults significantly. Additionally, three sessions of CBRT per week show a superior systolic blood pressure lowering effect.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42025646360.

Background: Low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (Lv-HIIE) has been proposed as a time-efficient, effective training approach for adults with overweight or obesity. However, its perceptual tolerability may depend on cognitive–personality traits influencing emotional and exertional regulation. This study examined how these traits relate to perceptual responses during Lv-HIIE. Methods: Thirty-two physically inactive adults (BMI = 28.21 ± 2.93 kg·m ² ; 11 males, 21 females; age = 28.3 ± 4.9 years) completed a 10-week Lv-HIIE program of 30 supervised sessions. Perceptual measures of affective valence, arousal, perceived exertion, recovery, and enjoyment were collected in every session, and data from the 1st, 15th, and 30th sessions were analyzed as representative points. Goal orientation and personality hardiness were assessed before the intervention, and Pearson’s correlations examined associations between perceptual responses and cognitive–personality variables. Results: Across the intervention, affective valence showed strong negative correlations with heart rate and perceived exertion, and positive correlations with enjoyment ( r = −0.82 to −0.66, p < 0.01). Goal orientation and hardiness were moderately to strongly associated with higher affective valence ( r = 0.59–0.65) and greater enjoyment ( r = 0.38–0.56), while correlating negatively with perceived exertion ( r = −0.38 to −0.56). These associations became progressively stronger toward later sessions, indicating adaptive affective regulation and enhanced psychological tolerance with repeated Lv-HIIE exposure. Conclusion: Individuals with higher goal orientation and greater hardiness exhibited more positive affective and enjoyment responses together with lower perceived exertion. Overall, these findings suggest that cognitive–personality traits contribute to perceptual and affective regulation during high-intensity exercise.

Background: Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate (SB) are widely used ergogenic supplements that influence exercise performance through distinct physiological mechanisms and may differentially modulate exercise-related metabolic responses. Whether their co-ingestion provides benefits beyond either supplement alone remains uncertain. This study evaluated the incremental effects of caffeine and SB co-ingestion within trials specifically designed to investigate the combined supplementation strategy. Methods: A systematic review and Bayesian arm-based multilevel network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published up to May 2026 was conducted. Eligible studies investigated acute caffeine–SB co-supplementation and, where available, included caffeine-only and SB-only arms, with placebo as the common reference. Exercise performance was the primary outcome; blood lactate, blood pH, blood bicarbonate, and rating of perceived exertion were secondary outcomes. Effects were estimated using Hedges’ g, Bayesian credible intervals, and SUCRA rankings. Results: Thirteen studies involving 181 participants met the eligibility criteria. Within this co-supplementation trial network, caffeine (g = 0.21), SB (g = 0.21), and co-ingestion (g = 0.28) produced small but credible improvements in exercise performance relative to placebo. However, comparisons among active conditions provided no clear evidence that co-ingestion was superior to either supplement alone. SB increased blood pH (g = 0.95) and blood lactate (g = 1.13), whereas caffeine reduced blood bicarbonate (g = −0.89). Co-ingestion elicited the largest increase in blood lactate (g = 1.75), but this response was not accompanied by a proportionally greater improvement in performance. Exploratory analyses suggested possible variation in supplementation responses according to training status. Conclusions: Within trials designed to evaluate caffeine–SB co-supplementation, the caffeine-only, SB-only, and combined conditions showed small improvements in exercise performance relative to placebo. However, co-ingestion elicited more pronounced metabolic responses without a clear performance advantage over either component alone, and the mechanisms underlying this divergence remain uncertain.