Microphysiological Systems (MPS) have emerged as a transformative platform in biomedical research, enabling the investigation of disease mechanisms, drug screening, and toxicity prediction by closely simulating human physiological functions. However, the rapid advancement of MPS technology has raised a series of complex ethical challenges. These include the sourcing and application of human-derived stem cells, the protection of donors’ personal and genetic data, the potential for brain organoids to develop consciousness-like characteristics, and the challenges to species boundaries posed by human–animal chimera research. Meanwhile, although regulatory authorities encourage innovation, specialized certification standards and ethical review guidelines for MPS are yet to be fully established. The lack of technical standardization and a coherent ethical governance framework remain a major bottleneck hindering the broader application and industrialization of MPS. This review systematically outlines the key ethical issues facing MPS, compares the evolution and differences in international ethical regulatory frameworks, and discusses strategies for addressing these challenges—including the establishment of dynamic ethical governance mechanisms, harmonization of international standards, and the promotion of benefit-sharing and public engagement. Finally, we highlight the need to develop a scientific, unified, and actionable ethical governance system that balances technological innovation with responsible translation, supporting the sustainable development of MPS technology.

Bone marrow(BM) is the primary site of hematopoiesis, supporting the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Its function depends on a highly complex microenvironment composed of stromal cells, vascular networks, extracellular matrix components, and dynamic biophysical signals. Traditional two-dimensional culture systems and animal models fail to adequately recapitulate the spatial architecture and dynamic regulatory processes of the human bone marrow niche, thereby limiting in-depth investigations into hematopoietic regulatory mechanisms, disease pathogenesis, and drug-induced bone marrow toxicity. In recent years, advances in microphysiological systems (MPS) have provided novel engineering approaches for the in vitro reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment. This review systematically summarizes current construction strategies for bone marrow MPS, including three-dimensional self-organized bone marrow organoids and microfluidic bone marrow-on-a-chip platforms. Particular attention is given to the roles of key cellular components, biomaterial scaffolds, vascularized architectures, and dynamic perfusion systems in biomimetic bone marrow engineering. In addition, we discuss strategies for constructing more complex models, such as vascular niches, vascularized bone tissue constructs, and bone metastasis models. Bone marrow MPS more faithfully recapitulate the hematopoietic microenvironment and provide a physiologically relevant in vitro platform for hematopoietic research, disease modeling, and drug evaluation, thereby supporting future advances in precision and regenerative medicine.