The oral intubation of chlorpyrifos, an extensively used organophosphate insecticide, was tested for its capability to induce in vivo genotoxic upshot in blood lymphocytes of 24 male and female Wistar rats using biomarker of genotoxicity. Rats were orally administered with daily doses 3 and 12 mg/kg body weight (BW) of chlorpyrifos (CPF). The blood lymphocytes were harvested after 7 and 14 days of treatment and subjected to bi-nucleus (BN), multi-nucleus (MN) and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to evaluate the extent of DNA damage. Other than BN and MN assay, damage to DNA was assessed through comet length, height, area, head diameter, head DNA percentage and tail DNA percentage along with tail movement. A significant boost was noticed in the frequency of BN cells formation after 12 mg/kg BW CPF treatment. However, the propensity to produce MN cells was significantly more (P ≤ 0.05) in males than that of females. Likewise, the frequency of comet formation, mean comet length, height and area were more (P ≤ 0.05) in males than females even with 12 mg/kgBW. Comet head DNA % and tail length remained non-significant. Olive movement also revealed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in males than females. The study inferred that the CPF can induce DNA damage in both male and female subjects but more pronounced in the male individuals.

Ontogenic development of corticotrophs in fetal buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) pituitary gland

Background/Objectives: Hypertension (HTN) remains a major global concern despite the availability of many antihypertensive medications, each with its own side effects. Lifestyle interventions, such as aerobic exercise and antioxidant-rich foods, represent promising non-pharmacological strategies for hypertension management. This study investigated the combined effects of exercise and vitamin C on anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, gut histology, biochemical markers, hematological profile, inflammatory gene expression, redox status, and stress hormones in L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6/group): control, hypertensive (HTN), hypertensive + exercise (HTN + EX), hypertensive + vitamin C (HTN + VC), and hypertensive + exercise + vitamin C (HTN + EX + VC). Exercise consisted of treadmill training at a low intensity (50 ft/min) for 60 min daily, while vitamin C was administered orally (200 mg/kg/day) for four weeks. Blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, gut histology, inflammatory gene expression, hematological indices, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress markers, and hormonal assays were measured. Results: Both exercise and vitamin C individually reduced blood pressure (p < 0.05) and increased villi length (p < 0.05), upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in the gut, lowered oxidative stress (assessed through CRP, MDA, and catalase), and reduced stress hormones (cortisol and norepinephrine). The combined intervention (HTN + EX + VC) showed the most pronounced effects, resulting in a greater reduction in blood pressure and reversal of the changes induced by hypertension when compared to the HTN group. Conclusions: Exercise and vitamin C were beneficial in lowering blood pressure and improving the adverse changes associated with hypertension.