The synthesis of multimetallic core–satellite nanodendrites (Pt@Au@rGO) is reported. These were then used as a highly active catalyst for CO₂ photoreduction to HCOOH with excellent reusability and colloidal stability.

Isoquinolinium salts are well-known N-heterocyclic cationic compounds that have been applied in various research fields, such as materials chemistry and pharmaceutical applications. In particular, isoquinolinium salts with polyaromatic structures have been widely investigated due to their intrinsic photophysical properties, including fluorescence emission maxima, fluorescence lifetime, and quantum yield. Notably, fluorescent isoquinolinium salts have been synthesized via various synthetic strategies, such as alkylation of isoquinoline, oxidation of dihydropyridines, rearrangement reactions, and transition-metal-catalyzed C–H activation. In this review, we summarize the synthetic methodologies for diverse fluorescent isoquinolinium salts and their applications in pharmaceutical applications, materials chemistry, theranostics, DNA binding, fluorescent sensing, and bioimaging.

Background: To overcome the limitations of conventional CRC (colorectal cancer) mouse models in replicating metastasis and enabling efficient therapeutic evaluation, we developed a novel implantation method using tissue adhesive to establish reproducible orthotopic and metastatic tumors. Conventional models using injection or suturing techniques often suffer from technical complexity, inconsistent tumor establishment, and limited metastatic reliability. Methods: We developed and validated a novel orthotopic and metastatic CRC model utilizing tissue adhesive for tumor transplantation. Uniform tumor fragments derived from bioluminescent HCT116/Luc xenografts were affixed to the cecum of nude mice. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored through bioluminescence imaging and confirmed by the results of histological analysis of metastatic lesions. The model’s utility for therapeutic testing was evaluated using MK801, an NMDA receptor antagonist. Results: The biological-based model demonstrated rapid and reproducible tumor implantation (<5 min), consistent primary tumor growth, and robust metastasis to the liver and lungs. The biological-based approach achieved 80% tumor engraftment (4/5), with consistent metastasis to the liver and lungs in all mice, compared with lower and variable metastasis rates in injection (0%, 0/5) and suturing (20%, 1/5) methods. MK801 treatment significantly suppressed both primary tumor growth and metastasis, validating the model’s suitability for preclinical drug evaluation. Conclusions: By enabling rapid, reproducible, and spontaneous formation of metastatic lesions using a minimally invasive tissue adhesive technique, our model represents a significant methodological advancement that supports high-throughput therapeutic screening and bridges the gap between experimental modeling and clinical relevance in colorectal cancer research.

Nanoparticle-based imaging systems are increasingly used for tumor diagnosis and in vivo cell tracking due to their tunable physicochemical properties and high imaging sensitivity. Among inorganic platforms, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) represent two major classes whose performance is governed by nano-micro structural design, in vivo transport behavior, and signal stability. Imaging efficiency arises from the coupling between signal-generation mechanisms and biological transport processes, which impose constraints on nanoparticle size, surface chemistry, and structural integrity. AuNP-based systems utilize core-shell architectures and chelator-free radionuclide embedding to achieve high signal stability and quantitative accuracy, particularly in PET imaging. In contrast, MSNs offer tunable pore structures and surface functionality, enabling multifunctional integration of imaging and therapeutic components, although signal performance depends on the properties of incorporated agents. Comparative analysis reveals a trade-off between signal robustness and structural versatility: AuNPs provide superior quantitative reliability, whereas MSNs enable flexible multifunctional design. Key challenges remain, including intracellular signal loss, variability in in vivo transport, and translational limitations related to scalability and reproducibility. Future nanoparticle imaging platforms require integrated design strategies that link structural engineering with transport behavior to achieve reliable and clinically translatable outcomes.

1. Nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems have been developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of anticancer agents through modulation of pharmacokinetics, enhancement of tumor accu...

1. Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in innate immune defense by exerting potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells without the need for prior antigen priming [1–4]. NK cell-based immunot...