Eurycoma longifolia is one of the commonly consumed herbal preparations and its major chemical compound, eurycomanone, has been described to have antimalarial, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, and cytotoxic activities. Today, the consumption of E. longifolia is popular through the incorporation of its extract in food items, most frequently in drinks such as tea and coffee. In the current study, the characterisation of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) attributes of eurycomanone were conducted via a series of in vitro and in vivo studies in rats and mice. The solubility and chemical stability of eurycomanone under the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract environment were determined. The permeability of eurycomanone was investigated by determining its distribution coefficient in aqueous and organic environments and its permeability using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay system and Caco-2 cultured cells. Eurycomanone’s stability in plasma and its protein-binding ability were measured by using an equilibrium dialysis method. Its stability in liver microsomes across species (mice, rat, dog, monkey, and human) and rat liver hepatocytes was also investigated. Along with the PK evaluations of eurycomanone in mice and rats, the PK parameters for the Malaysian Standard (MS: 2409:201) standardised water extract of E. longifolia were also evaluated in rats. Both rodent models showed that eurycomanone in both the compound form and extract form had a half-life of 0.30 h. The differences in the bioavailability of eurycomanone in the compound form between the rats (11.8%) and mice (54.9%) suggests that the PK parameters cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. The results also suggest that eurycomanone is not readily absorbed across biological membranes. However, once absorbed, the compound is not easily metabolised (is stable), hence retaining its bioactive properties, which may be responsible for the various reported biological activities.

Sciatic nerve injury (SNI) is neurological condition that affecting the motor and sensory functions of muscles, characterized by the Wallerian degeneration and regeneration myelin axon. Motor neuron injuries result in muscle weakness and atrophy, sensory neuron damage impairs sensation, and autonomic injuries lead to organ dysfunction. This study investigates the potential effects of Clitoria ternatea nanoemulsion with different dosage (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg) on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats that induced with sciatic nerve crush injury. Sciatic nerve crush injury was induced on SD rats using modified Watchmaker’s forceps for 15 seconds. On day 14 and 28, behaviour analysis of motor and sensory test was evaluated to assess the functional recovery. On day 28, the muscles were weight and stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin, while sciatic nerve were stained using Cresyl violet, Toluidine blue and TEM. The outcome of the treatment shown an improvement in functional recovery in the motor and sensory test. Additionally, the histomorphometry examination shows the same pattern as the behaviour analysis, increased in the degree maturity of the regenerated nerve fibres which resulting more axonal growth and thicker myelin. In conclusion, CT nanoemulsion treatment in high dose treatment shows promising potential treatment in treating sciatic nerve injury by improving functional recovery and myelin integrity.