Background: Rugby union and rugby league are among the most physically demanding contact team sports, in which playing positions impose distinct physical requirements. The aim of the review was to collect and synthesize available data on positional differences in physical fitness between forwards and backs in adult male rugby players. Methods: The systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and SWiM guidelines and was prospectively registered in the OSF database (10.17605/OSF.IO/E4Y37). Four electronic databases were searched: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus up to June 2026. The search identified 3058 records, which were reduced to 1343 after language and document-type limits and then screened. Eligibility criteria were applied within the PICOs framework. Methodological quality was assessed using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists and the AXIS tool as a validation instrument. Due to considerable methodological heterogeneity, narrative synthesis with directional meta-synthesis was applied. Results: Thirty-seven studies were included (n > 2000 players; 15 countries; 1996–2025). Forwards achieved higher values of absolute muscular strength and power, body mass, and sprint momentum, whereas backs performed better in sprint tests (10–50 m), maximum sprint velocity, aerobic fitness (VO₂max, Yo-Yo IRTL1), CMJ height, and relative power. Following normalization to body mass, positional differences in strength and power were attenuated or reversed. In the only study that isolated the change in direction deficit, no clear positional difference was observed. Conclusions: Body mass appears to be the principal explanatory factor underlying positional differences in absolute strength and power. Position-specific fitness profiles are observable as early as the U20 category and become more pronounced with increasing competitive level. Strength and conditioning coaches should compare positional groups using body mass normalized ratio or, where justified, allometrically scaled measures rather than absolute values.

Celem artykułu jest analiza turystyki caravaningowej w Polsce na podstawie badań ankietowych obejmujących profil społeczno-demograficzny użytkowników, ich styl podróżowania, preferencje przestrzenne, ocenę infrastruktury oraz uwarunkowania ekonomiczne. Badanie zrealizowano metodą sondażu diagnostycznego (ankieta online, dobór dostępnościowy) wśród 206 użytkowników caravaningu. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że badani to głównie osoby w wieku 31–45 lat, aktywne zawodowo i o wyższych dochodach. Ponad 56% respondentów odbywa więcej niż pięć podróży rocznie, najczęściej do regionów nadmorskich (35%) i jeziornych (32%). Długość pobytów przyjmuje zarówno formę krótkich wyjazdów weekendowych, jak i pobytów powyżej pięciu dób. Aż 67,6% badanych oceniło infrastrukturę campingową w Polsce jako niewystarczającą, co jest spójne z danymi rynkowymi, wskazującymi na znaczną lukę infrastrukturalną względem krajów Europy Zachodniej. Wydatki roczne użytkowników rosną wraz z poziomem dochodów (test Kruskala–Wallisa H=17,51; p<0,001), a większa liczba wyjazdów koreluje z wyższymi kosztami (Spearman ρ=0,227; p=0,0018). Na podstawie zidentyfikowanych różnic demograficznych, ekonomicznych i behawioralnych wyodrębniono trzy grupy użytkowników: rodzinni posiadacze, młodzi wynajmujący oraz okazjonalni użytkownicy. Zestawienie wyników z najnowszymi danymi statystycznymi pozwala interpretować caravaning zarówno jako formę szczególnie atrakcyjną w warunkach niepewności, jako element długofalowych trendów rozwoju turystyki, co wskazuje na rosnący potencjał tego segmentu w Polsce.

(1) Background: In rugby, players are divided into two primary formations: the scrum and the backs (attack line), which differ significantly in terms of their roles, as well as their physical and cognitive demands. Scrum players are predominantly engaged in frequent physical contact and power-based activities, whereas backs are required to respond rapidly to dynamically changing game situations, demonstrating greater agility and decision-making speed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reaction times of rugby players, taking into account their playing positions. (2) Methods: The study involved 30 athletes, all members of the Polish national under-20 rugby team (15-a-side). Data were collected during a training camp conducted four weeks prior to the U20 European Championships held in Prague. Reaction time was assessed using the Witty SEM system. (3) Results: The findings revealed that backs achieved superior results in simple reaction tests, while third-row and forward players performed better in complex reaction tests. (4) Conclusions: Reaction time differentiates players according to their positional roles and corresponds with the specific demands of those roles. Backs are required to respond to stimuli more rapidly, as they are primarily responsible for initiating offensive actions and organizing the defensive line.