Spinal bracing is a common non-surgical technique that allows clinicians to prevent and correct malformations or injuries of a patient’s spinal column. This review will explore the current standards of practice on spinal brace utilization. Specifically, it will highlight bracing usage in traumatic injuries, pregnancy, pediatrics, osteoporosis, and hyperkyphosis; address radiological findings concurrent with brace usage; and provide an overview of the braces currently available and advancements in the field. In doing so, we aim to improve clinicians’ understanding and knowledge of bracing in common spinal pathologies to promote their appropriate use and improve patient outcomes.

Hemangioblastoma are benign, vascularized cranial tumors caused by autosomal dominant inherited von Hippel-Lindau disease or can appear sporadically. This review will investigate current and emergin

Brain metastases are the third most common metastatic site in melanoma patients, with 40% of melanoma patients developing melanoma brain metastasis (MBM). Symptomology of MBM ranges from headaches, neurological deficits, cognitive changes, and seizures, resulting from MBM embedding in areas of highest blood flow following the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) via genetic, cytokine, and molecular processes. The BBB is highly restrictive, making MBM difficult to treat. Challenges in MBM treatment are evident in adverse therapeutic effects, such as neurocognitive decline with whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), increased risk of radiation necrosis with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and reduced penetration into the brain, which can lead to drug resistance with prolonged use of MAPK inhibitors. This review investigates current and novel treatments against MBM, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies such as BRAF/MAPK inhibitors, and immunotherapy.