Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by rapid progression and a median survival of no more than 12–18 months. Fluorescence-guided surgery is crucial, as it allows for tumor visualization and aids in its complete removal, which is essential for improving survival rates. We conducted a literature review to identify fluorescent agents that have been utilized in the removal of GBM and to assess their benefits in achieving maximum tumor resection. Our analysis focuses on their advantages, limitations, and potential impact on improving surgical precision and patient outcomes. We searched the PubMed database for studies published on fluorescence-guided resection of GBM and evaluated the utility of each agent in terms of outcomes, gross total resection (GTR), and their sensitivity and specificity for the tumor. The literature review revealed that the three agents successfully utilized are 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), sodium fluorescein, and indocyanine green. In addition to these, a variety of dyes have been investigated in studies, including peptides, lipids, and nanosystems, which appear to be very promising. To date, numerous fluorescent agents have been proposed for the surgical resection of GBM. However, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) remains the only agent widely adopted in clinical practice, as its safety and efficacy have been well-established. Further clinical trials and studies are necessary to assess the utility, effectiveness, and potential advantages of emerging fluorescent dyes in enhancing GBM resection and improving patient outcomes.

Purpose: The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of intraoperative flow cytometry (IFC) in tumor surgery. Methods: The Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched up to 21 June 2025 to identify all available studies that met the inclusion criteria for final evaluation. To assess the risk of bias and applicability concerns, the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used. Results: A total of 22 studies involving 1511 patients with various tumor types were analyzed to assess the utility of IFC in the rapid diagnosis of tumors. The studies investigated IFC’s role in tumor grading, margin delineation, prognostic evaluation, and in differentiating neoplastic from benign lesions, as well as normal from cancerous tissues. In brain tumors, particularly gliomas and meningiomas, IFC demonstrated high diagnostic performance, with reported sensitivities ranging from 61% to 100% and specificities from 66% to 100%. Studies on non-brain tumors also showed high accuracy in distinguishing neoplastic from normal tissues, with sensitivities and specificities exceeding 85% in most cases. The most promising results were observed in brain tumor surgery, although its application in other tumor types continues to expand. Conclusions: IFC appears to be a valuable intraoperative tool in surgical oncology, providing rapid results within minutes and assisting in surgical and therapeutic decision-making. Nonetheless, studies remain limited, and further research is needed, particularly for non-brain tumors, to establish standardized cut-off values and enhance diagnostic reliability.

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a global health challenge characterized by significant histological heterogeneity. Conventional contrast-enhanced CT often struggles to differentiate RCC from solid benign renal tumors like fat-poor angiomyolipoma (fpAML) and renal oncocytoma (RO), leading to potential surgical overtreatment. CT-based radiomics has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach that extracts high-dimensional quantitative imaging features to support lesion characterization and may contribute toward more comprehensive, biopsy-adjacent decision support, although it does not yet replace histopathological assessment. Methods: This review systematically evaluates the predictive performance of CT-based radiomics in characterizing solid renal tumors. A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Scopus databases for original research published between 2012 and 2025. The review focuses on four key areas: differentiating benign renal tumors from RCC, clear cell (ccRCC) from non-ccRCC, fpAML from RCC, and RO from RCC. Results: In total, 47 studies were assessed, including 11,999 patients. CT-based radiomics demonstrates high diagnostic performance across all categories. Median Area Under the Curve values were 0.830 (0.747–0.900) for benign vs. malignant differentiation, 0.900 (0.861–0.910) for ccRCC vs. non-ccRCC, 0.912 (0.879–0.933) for fpAML vs. RCC, and 0.885 (0.841–0.947) for RO vs. RCC. The integration of radiomic features with clinical parameters into combined nomograms consistently yielded the highest predictive accuracy. Conclusions: Radiomics provides a non-invasive, objective method to characterize renal tumors, potentially reducing unnecessary surgeries and enabling personalized treatment. However, widespread clinical adoption remains limited by a lack of protocol standardization, the need for automated segmentation, and the requirement for prospective, multicenter validation.