Background: Although the essential components of pain pathways have been identified, a thorough comprehension of the interactions necessary for creating focused treatments is still lacking. Such include more standardised methods for measuring pain in clinical and preclinical studies and more representative study populations. Objective: This review describes the essential neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of pain nociception and its relation with currently available neuroimaging methods focused on health professionals responsible for treating pain. Methods: Conduct a PubMed search of pain pathways using pain-related search terms, selecting the most relevant and updated information. Results: Current reviews of pain highlight the importance of their study in different areas from the cellular level, pain types, neuronal plasticity, ascending, descending, and integration pathways to their clinical evaluation and neuroimaging. Advanced neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, PET, and MEG are used to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying pain processing and identify potential targets for pain therapy. Conclusions: The study of pain pathways and neuroimaging methods allows physicians to evaluate and facilitate decision-making related to the pathologies that cause chronic pain. Some identifiable issues include a better understanding of the relationship between pain and mental health, developing more effective interventions for chronic pain's psychological and emotional aspects, and better integrating data from different neuroimaging modalities for the clinical efficacy of new pain therapies.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare but severe condition characterized by persistent obstruction and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arteries following an acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Although APE is a significant risk factor, up to 25% of CTEPH cases occur without a history of APE or deep vein thrombosis, complicating the understanding of its pathogenesis. Herein, we carried out a narrative review discussing the mechanisms involved in CTEPH development, including fibrotic thrombus formation, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and abnormal angiogenesis, leading to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. We also outlined how the disease’s pathophysiology reveals both proximal and distal pulmonary artery obstruction, contributing to the development of pulmonary hypertension. We depicted the risk factors predicting CTEPH, including thrombotic history, hemostatic disorders, and certain medical conditions. We finally looked at the molecular mechanisms behind the role of endothelial dysfunction, gene expression alterations, and inflammatory processes in CTEPH progression and detection. Despite these insights, there is still a need for improved diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies to enhance early detection and management of CTEPH, ultimately aiming to reduce diagnostic delay and improve patient outcomes.

Since the ancient Egyptians, people have always been worried about their physical appearance. Nowadays, for some cultures like Latin American, physical appearance depends on the context, and the concept of beauty is to have wider hips and more prominent buttocks. One way to achieve these goals is to inject foreign modelants that include some oils to modify certain body regions. Until today, the search continues to find a modelling agent that is nonteratogenic, noncarcinogenic, and not susceptible to infection and can stay at the spot where it was injected (not migration). This review is aimed at providing a brief, comprehensive assessment of the use of modeling agents and summarizes some key imaging features of filler‐related complications. The topics of this review are historical data, epidemiology, classification of dermal fillers (xenografts, hyaluronic acid derivatives, autografts, homografts, synthetic materials), adverse reactions, imaging method used in the detection of injectable fillers, MRI patterns observed in complications of injectable fillers, and histological findings of immune response, treatment, and conclusions. We present several classifications of injectable fillers based on composition, degradation, and complications. Additionally, readers will find some representative cases of the most common locations of injectable fillers demonstrating their infiltrative MRI patterns.

Introduction: The concept of occult breast carcinoma (OBC) was first described in 1907 by Halsted, who described this type of breast cancer to arise from small, undetectable tumours in the breast that had already metastasized to the lymph nodes. Although the breast is the most likely site for the primary tumour, non-palpable breast cancer presenting as an axillary metastasis has been reported, but with a low frequency of less than 0.5% of all breast cancers. OBC represents a complex diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Considering its rarity, clinicopathological information is still limited. Case report: A 44-year-old patient presented to the emergency room with an extensive axillary mass as the first manifestation. Conventional evaluation of the breast with mammography and ultrasound was unremarkable. However, a breast MRI confirmed the presence of conglomerate axillary nodes. A supplementary whole-body PET-CT established the axillary conglomerate with a malignant behaviour with SUVmax of 19.3. The primary tumour was not detected in the breast tissue of the patient, confirming the diagnosis of OBC. Immunohistochemical results showed negative receptors for estrogen and progesterone. Conclusion: Although OBC is a rare diagnosis, its existence is a possibility in a patient with breast cancer. Mammography and breast ultrasound with unremarkable findings but with high clinical suspicion should be supplemented with additional imaging methods, such as MRI and PET-CT, emphasizing the appropriate pre-treatment evaluation.