Placentation is a key and tightly regulated process that ensures the normal development of the placenta and fetal growth. Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive pregnancy-related disorder involving about 5–8% of all pregnancies and clinically characterized by de novo maternal hypertension and proteinuria. In addition, PE pregnancies are also characterized by increased oxidative stress and inflammation. The NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway plays an important role in protecting cells against oxidative damage due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. ROS activate NRF2, allowing its binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) region present in the promoter of several antioxidant genes such as heme oxygenase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase that neutralize ROS, protecting cells against oxidative stress damages. In this review, we analyze the current literature regarding the role of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway in preeclamptic pregnancies, discussing the main cellular modulators of this pathway. Moreover, we also discuss the main natural and synthetic compounds that can regulate this pathway in in vivo and in vitro models.

Diabetes is a chronic disease. Some complications can be prevented, their effects can be slowed down. Sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of obesity and consequently the predisposition to diabetes II. The article aimed to demonstrate the positive and negative effects of exercise on active and sedentary diabetics and on pathophysiology, evaluating the effects after 3 and 6 months. The study involved 90 participants, both male and female, with type II diabetes, aged 45, divided into two groups: Group A (n=50, sedentary) and Group B (n=40, active). We evaluated anthropometric parameters, blood chemistry values, which are fundamental for the transversal evaluation of the results. In group A improvements were less noticeable than group B. The most improved parameter is blood sugar, Glycemic values and BMI. Cholesterol and Hb1Ac decreased but more slowly than previous parameters. The expectations of the study were, not only in recognizing the therapeutic and preventive powers of exercise, but above all in choosing to program a motor protocol after a team work between diabetologist, sports doctor and kinesiologist and/ or personal trainer. Physical activity is an additional therapy to insulin.

Background. Post-COVID-19 patients may develop impaired lung function, with reduced lung capacities and volumes, respiratory muscle weakness, and physical inactivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a detailed protocol based on breathing training with two specifically designed respiratory devices (SpiroTiger and KS Brief Stimulator) in post-COVID-19 individuals. Methods. Sixteen young volunteers were randomly allocated into two groups: experimental (n = 8) and control (n = 8). The experimental group performed breathing training for 12 min two times a week for 9 months (from August 2023 to May 2024). Spirometric and baropodometric measurements were recorded every 3 months to evaluate the effects of the protocol. Results. Data analysis showed significant improvements in the forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow indices, and postural parameters in the experimental group. Conclusions. In conclusion, based on the study findings, the specific breathing training protocol developed for post-COVID-19 patients has proven to be effective and significantly impacted the quality of breathing functions and the postural system.

Current challenges in anatomical teachings, such as cadaver shortages, ethical limitations, and restricted access to pathological specimens, are increasingly being mitigated by advancing medical technologies, and among these are three-dimensional modeling technology and multi-material bioprinting. These innovations could facilitate a deeper understanding of complex anatomical components while encouraging an interactive learning environment that accommodates diverse educational needs. These technologies have the capacity to transform anatomy education, yielding better-prepared healthcare practitioners. Combining artificial intelligence with acquired medical images makes it easier to reconstruct anatomy and saves time while still being very accurate. This review seeks to thoroughly assess the current landscape of advanced three-dimensional printing, multi-material bioprinting, and related technologies used in anatomical education. It aims to consolidate evidence related to their educational effectiveness and to outline potential pathways for clinical applications and research development.

This paper deals with the role of the widespread neuro-immuno-endocrine-endothelial system in sport traumatology. The aim of this work is to see if sport or regular physical activity is able to reprogram the endothelium, to advance the new concept of neuro-immuno-endocrine-endothelial diffused system, and to introduce in the practice of sport medicine a new test in the fields of “Athlete functional evaluation” and “Sports fitness”. The first object of this paper is to see whether sport or regular physical activity can change the functional structure of the endothelium. The second goal is to frame under a general view the knowledge and individual lines of research on endothelium, to highlight what we believe is, in the organization of homeostasis, the location of this ‘organ’, namely in the neuro-immune-endocrine system spread.

Organ failure remains one of the foremost medical and socioeconomic challenges of the twenty-first century, with global transplant waiting lists far exceeding the supply of donor organs. Chronic supportive therapies sustain life but do not restore organ function, underscoring an urgent need for curative alternatives. Bioartificial organs represent a major frontier in organ replacement, driven by converging advances in cell biology, biomaterials science, and bioengineering. By integrating living cells or biologically derived matrices with engineered devices or scaffolds, these systems aim to restore functions that purely mechanical supports cannot reproduce. This review examines the principal technological platforms underpinning the field, including cell encapsulation, decellularization and recellularization, three-dimensional bioprinting, organoids, organ-on-chip systems, and xenotransplantation, and discusses their application to kidney, liver, heart, pancreas, and lung replacement. Across organ systems, progress is advancing from experimental proof-of-concept toward modular and increasingly translational platforms, although whole-organ bioengineering remains largely preclinical for the most structurally complex targets. The major unresolved barriers include vascularization, immune compatibility, scalable cell manufacturing, durable function, and stable integration between biological and engineered components. Overall, bioartificial organ engineering is evolving toward clinically relevant therapeutic strategies capable of complementing, bridging, or eventually reducing dependence on donor-organ transplantation.