Becoming Unbecoming: Graphic novel, gender-based violence and resistance

Supercapacitor modules for energy storage systems often require complex active balancing circuits to manage voltage imbalances between series-connected cells. This paper proposes a modified forward converter topology that passively charges and balances supercapacitor modules simultaneously. The proposed solution is modular, provides galvanic isolation, and is self-regulating, eliminating the need for dedicated sensors or complex control logic. Voltage equalization is achieved autonomously through coupled inductors, naturally directing current to the cells with the lowest voltage during the period when the converter is off. This work details the operating principle of the converter and analyzes two architectures: a non-crossover configuration and a crossover configuration. This study validated the system performance through PSIM simulations and a hardware prototype. The experimental results demonstrate that both configurations successfully charge and balance the supercapacitors. However, the crossover and non-crossover configurations achieve faster equalization under certain imbalance conditions. In contrast, the crossed configuration exhibits a smaller final voltage discrepancy between cells compared to the non-crossover architecture. The proposed converter proves to be a simple, robust, and effective solution for managing supercapacitor modules.