Sustainable energy development is important for social and economic life because energy is used everywhere by everybody. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the development in Sustainable Development Goal 7 in European countries from 2005 to 2023. SDG 7 is described by seven variables published by Eurostat, covering energy consumption, energy productivity, energy import dependency and energy poverty. Dynamic cluster analysis is the main method used, identifying seven clusters, with membership changing in time. The Composite Energy Index was calculated. Generally, the energy situation described by the variables used has improved, both in individual countries and in Europe as a whole. The best-performing countries are Iceland, Norway and Denmark. In Europe, the average energy productivity measure and share of energy from renewable sources have doubled. The proposed novel approach involves the simultaneous analysis of spatio-temporal data for the whole period, resulting in countries changing their cluster position over time. A new measure of dynamic cluster stability is introduced, and clusters are ordered according to the value of the composite index.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology that frequently presents with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and often requires invasive diagnostic procedures. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is widely used in this setting; however, a definitive diagnosis cannot always be established at first attempt. This study aimed to identify clinical, laboratory, and radiological factors associated with a definitive diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients referred for EBUS-TBNA. A retrospective analysis was performed including patients undergoing first-time ever EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal lymphadenopathy over a 12-month period. Demographic data, clinical features suggestive of sarcoidosis, chest computed tomography findings, and white blood cell count, were analysed, and definitive diagnoses were established based on cytological results and available follow-up data. Younger age (≤55 years), female sex, the absence of a pulmonary mass >10 mm on imaging, normal white blood cell count, and the presence of clinical features typical of sarcoidosis were significantly associated with a definitive diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Based on these variables, two point-based diagnostic scoring models were developed, demonstrating clinically relevant discriminatory performance. Readily available pre-procedural clinical and radiological factors may assist in estimating the probability of sarcoidosis in patients undergoing EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal lymphadenopathy and may support risk stratification and clinical decision-making.

Hourly forecasting of electricity load is a very important problem from the practical point of view, due to the mostly big spread on one-day energy markets. Many models have been proposed in the literature. Our idea is to combine five individual models through multiple regression estimated on last 48 hours of the demand time series. The individual models are: multiple regression with dummy variables coding week days and hours, ARIMA, exponential smoothing, support vector regression, and artificial neural regression. Residuals of these models were later analysed by ARIMA. The basic harmonic in time series was equal to 168 (7 days x 24 hours). Individual models theoretical values in last 48 hours were used to estimate regression model combining individual models. The combined model fitted the data considerably better in-sample, and its 48-hour forecast error was slightly lower than for the individual models (MAPE 3.57% vs 3.65–4.44%). The paper proposed some kind of framework for practical use based on rolling data, each day adding the latest 24-hour data, and eliminating 24 oldest observations. The structure of individual models can be kept constant, at least for some months.