Due to the continuously increasing demand for building materials across the world, it is necessary to use renewable materials in place of the existing nonrenewable materials in construction projects. Bamboo is a fast-growing flowering plant that may be used as a renewable material in construction. The use of bamboo in the construction of buildings can improve its long-term carbon fixation capacity and economic benefits. Although bamboo has the advantages of superior performance, low carbon content, high energy-saving and emission-reducing capacity, bamboo is an anisotropic material, which has many factors affecting its material performance, large variability of material performance, lack of systematic research, and the use of bamboo as the main building material is not always limited. This paper systematically summarizes the research status of bamboo as a building material from the aspects of bamboo composition, gradation, material properties, bamboo building components, connection nodes, and use of artificial boards. On this basis, some constructive suggestions are put forward for the further study of bamboo in the field of architecture.