The immuno-regulatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) is important in reducing the inflammatory response during H. pylori infection. The goal of our study was to explain how H.pylori infection affects mucosal IL-10 mRNA expression. This study included seventy-three patients suffering from gastroduodenal disorders admitted to Assiut University Hospitals, (35 (47.95%) were males, and 38 (52.05%) were females). Three antral biopsies were obtained from each patient during endoscopic examination. Two invasive tests (Rapid urease test (RUT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) were performed for the detection of H. pylori infection in all participants. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed for determination of IL-10 mRNA expression. Results of RUT and PCR indicated that 60.27% of patients were H. pylori infected. Our results showed that patients positive for H. pylori had significantly higher IL10 mRNA expression than H. pylori-negative patients. Finally, overexpression of IL‑10 during H. Pylori infection may be implicated in the downregulation of excessive immune response.

Background: Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) remains a leading cause of severe infant diarrhea worldwide, with growing evidence supporting the role of the gut microbiome in modulating the disease. However, the interplay between early-life demographic factors, the gut microbiome, and their combined impact on RVGE clinical severity remains inadequately characterized, particularly in specific geographic populations. Aim: We aimed to investigate how demographic determinants shape gut microbiome composition and function in RVGE and how these features relate to clinical severity. Methods: In our comprehensive case–control study of 165 infants (120 RVGE cases and 45 healthy controls, aged 0–12 months), we utilized 16S rRNA sequencing combined with advanced statistical modeling and machine learning to investigate how demographic factors influence microbiome composition and clinical outcomes. Results: RVGE cases exhibited significantly reduced bacterial diversity (Kruskal–Wallis, Static = 14.85, p < 0.001) and distinct patterns, with community structure most strongly associated with dehydration severity (PERMANOVA; R² = 0.15, p < 0.001). Substantial taxonomic alterations were identified characterized by depletion of beneficial commensals including Akkermansia (LDA score = 3.8, p < 0.001), Faecalibacterium (Random Forest AUC = 0.82, p < 0.001), and Bifidobacterium (r = −0.42 with breastfeeding, p < 0.001), alongside enrichment of inflammation-associated taxa such as Escherichia-Shigella (WBC; r = 0.49, p < 0.001, and CRP; r = 0.56, p < 0.001), Streptococcus (LDA score = 4.2, p < 0.001), and Staphylococcus. Proteobacteria was the top potential biomarker of severe outcomes (Random Forest AUC = 0.85), with abundance positively correlated with systemic inflammation (CRP: r = 0.51, p = 0.003). Functional predictions revealed increased lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (ko00540) and reduced butanoate metabolism (ko00650, p < 0.001) in severe disease. Importantly, demographic factors significantly modulated clinical outcomes: cesarean-delivered, formula-fed infants presented the most dysbiotic profiles and experienced 3.2-fold longer hospitalization (95% CI: 1.8–5.6, p < 0.001) than vaginally delivered, breastfed infants did. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that early-life demographic factors potentially shape the gut microbiome composition and function, may influence RVGE severity and recovery trajectories, thus providing candidate biomarkers for risk stratification and identifying targets for microbiota-based interventions.

The immuno-regulatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) is important in reducing the inflammatory response during H. pylori infection. The goal of our study was to explain how H.pylori infection affects mucosal IL-10 mRNA expression. This study included seventy-three patients suffering from gastroduodenal disorders admitted to Assiut University Hospitals, (35 (47.95%) were males, and 38 (52.05%) were females). Three antral biopsies were obtained from each patient during endoscopic examination. Two invasive tests (Rapid urease test (RUT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) were performed for the detection of H. pylori infection in all participants. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed for determination of IL-10 mRNA expression. Results of RUT and PCR indicated that 60.27% of patients were H. pylori infected. Our results showed that patients positive for H. pylori had significantly higher IL10 mRNA expression than H. pylori-negative patients. Finally, overexpression of IL‑10 during H. Pylori infection may be implicated in the downregulation of excessive immune response.