Sanghuangporus baumii, is a widely used medicinal fungus. The polyphenols extracted from this fungus exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. In this study, polyphenols from the fruiting bodies of S. baumii were obtained using the deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction method. The factors affecting the extraction yield were investigated at different conditions. Based on the results from single-factor experiments, response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The scavenging ability of the polyphenols on •OH, DPPH, and ABTS⁺ was determined. The results showed that the DES system composed of choline chloride and malic acid had the best extraction yield (6.37 mg/g). The optimal extraction parameters for response surface methodology were as follows: 42 min, 58 ℃, 1:34 solid–liquid (mg/mL), and water content of 39%. Under these conditions, the yield of polyphenols was the highest (12.58 mg/g). At 0.30 mg/mL, the scavenging ability of the polyphenols on •OH, DPPH, and ABTS⁺ was 95.71%, 91.08%, and 85.52%, respectively. Thus, the method using DES was more effective than the conventional method of extracting phenolic compounds from the fruiting bodies of S. baumii. Moreover, the extracted polyphenols exhibited potent antioxidant activity.

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive ingredient extracted from the hemp plant, has shown therapeutic effects in a variety of diseases, including anxiety, nervous system disorders, inflammation, and tumors. CBD can exert its antitumor effect by regulating the cell cycle, inducing tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibiting tumor cell invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. This article reviews the proposed antitumor mechanisms of CBD, aiming to provide references for the clinical treatment of tumor diseases and the rational use of CBD.

Antrodia cinnamomea, a renowned rare medicinal fungus in China, is rich in active components, exhibiting pharmacological effects, such as liver protection, hypoglycemic activity, and anti-tumor properties. Aiming to address the lack of horizontal comparative studies on volatile components of A. cinnamomea under different culture methods and the limitations of traditional detection methods, this study investigated the mycelia of A. cinnamomea cultured by solid-state culture (SAC), liquid culture (LAC), and dish culture (DAC). The flavor profiles were comprehensively evaluated using a combination of electronic tongue (E-tongue), electronic nose (E-nose), gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and multivariate statistical methods. Results from E-tongue and E-nose showed distinct flavor profiles among the three culture methods. A total of 75 volatile compounds were detected by GC-IMS, among which esters, alcohols, and ketones were the main components, accounting for 62.7%. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) identified 41 characteristic volatile compounds, and cluster heatmaps and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) further validated the metabolic preferences among culture methods. These findings provide a scientific basis for improving A. cinnamomea product quality through targeted flavor enhancement, support the development of standardized functional foods, and establish a flavor fingerprint for authenticity assessment, advancing the high-value utilization of this medicinal fungus.

Salt stress limits fungal growth and distribution, but the mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in Morchella remain unclear. Here, we combined physiological measurements, transcriptomic analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and heterologous expression assays to characterize salt-stress responses in Morchella sextelata. Among 24 preselected isolates representing four Morchella species, M. sextelata Mel-21 obtained the highest composite screening score under 1 mol·L⁻¹ NaCl and was selected for detailed analysis. A concentration of 300 mmol·L⁻¹ NaCl was subsequently selected as the representative stress condition. Salt stress increased electrical conductivity, osmotic pressure, Na⁺ accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and proline content, while decreasing the K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios. Intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides showed distinct time-dependent accumulation patterns, and the corresponding crude extracts exhibited increased radical-scavenging activities under NaCl stress. Relative to the common 0 h baseline, RNA-seq identified 3654, 3843, 4289, 3566, and 2494 differentially expressed genes after 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of NaCl exposure, respectively. These genes were enriched in pathways related to ribosomes, oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, carbohydrate metabolism, and ABC transporters. Gene05935, encoding a predicted multi-pass transmembrane protein, showed consistently higher transcript abundance during NaCl exposure than at the common 0 h baseline. Heterologous expression of Gene05935 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was associated with higher mean endpoint OD₆₀₀ values under the tested high-salinity conditions, while the Arabidopsis thaliana assay provided preliminary qualitative observations of seedling appearance during NaCl exposure. Because time-matched untreated controls were not included, the transcriptomic differences cannot be attributed specifically to NaCl. Together, the physiological measurements and temporal expression profiles identify Gene05935 as a candidate for further functional characterization and may inform future cultivation-oriented evaluation of Morchella under saline conditions.