Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in women is a health problem with repercussions on quality of life. The literature agrees that PFD prevention strategies begin with identifying women who are most at risk of developing PFD in the future. However, recent evidence addressing its multifactorial origin is scant. Our aim was to investigate late prevalence, risk factors, and the impact on quality of life of PFD in women after their first vaginal or caesarian birth. We conducted an ambispective cohort observational study. Participants were primiparous women who had given birth to only one child by vaginal delivery or cesarean section between 2012 and 2016. Exposure and response variables, assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire and the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory, were collected during a phone interview 5–10 years after childbirth. Pearson's Chi-square, Student's t-test and odds ratio (OR) with their respective 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. A total of 456 women were included in the study. Overall, 50 % of the women had 1 or more PFD within 10 years of giving birth, while 43.9 % of women presented urinary incontinence, 5.5 % presented pelvic organ prolapse, and 15.6 % of women reported some type of anal incontinence. A third of the women perceived the symptoms as a dysfunction and a half of them reported mild or moderate symptoms. PFD in women is a prevalent and underdiagnosed problem. Our study advocates for early detection of PFD risk factors and emphasizes the need for increased visibility, awareness, and proactive health measures related to PFD.

Immediate Kangaroo Mother Care (iKMC) after delivery and delayed cord clamping (DCC), both improve cardiorespiratory stability in newborns. This prospective observational study included 96 moderate to late preterm (MLPT) neonates. Preductal pulse oximetry (SpO₂) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the first 10 min after birth. Neonates who received iKMC and DCC were compared to those who did not receive iKMC. iKMC was performed in 64.6% of the infants. The iKMC group showed a non-significant trend toward higher SpO₂ levels. Mean SpO₂ was 76.06% in the iKMC group versus 70.98% in the non-iKMC group; at 420 s, it was 95.13% versus 93.77%. HR was significantly higher in the iKMC group at all time points, averaging 102.2 bpm at 120 s compared to 87.1 bpm in the non-iKMC group. Combining iKMC with DCC improves hemodynamic stability and oxygenation in MLPT infants, with higher HR and earlier stabilization of SpO₂ levels.

Background: Antifungal resistance is a growing global concern in the context of antimicrobial resistance. Although primary care is the main setting for managing superficial fungal infections, national evidence on antifungal consumption in Spain remains limited. This study analyzes the characteristics of antifungal use in Spanish primary care. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from the Primary Care Clinical Database of the Spanish Ministry of Health. The study included individuals assigned to primary care with at least one antifungal dispensation per year between 2019-2024. Consumption was measured as Defined Daily Doses (DDD) per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DHD), following the WHO ATC/DDD methodology. Trends were analyzed by sex, age, municipality size, income level, country of birth, and employment status, using annual percentage change (APC) estimated through joinpoint regression models. Results: From 2019 to 2024, antifungal DHD in Spanish primary care increased significantly overall (APC: 8.4% [6.2-10.5]; p<0.001 for both sexes); the number of individuals with ≥1 dispensation declined in 2020 and then stabilized (APC: 5.3% [2.0-8.6]; p=0.004). Use was consistently higher in women, especially among pensioners (with a widening gap after 2020), unemployed individuals, those with very low income, and those born in Spain; D01A led consumption. Significant APC values were observed across all age, country of birth, employment, municipality size, and income strata, with the largest increases in active workers, small and medium municipalities, males <15 years, and foreign-born. Conclusions: Systematic monitoring of antifungal consumption in primary care is key to anticipating shifts in epidemiology and guiding antifungal stewardship. This study provides the first nationwide assessment of outpatient antifungal use in Spain from 2019 to 2024, offering critical evidence for public health planning and antimicrobial resistance mitigation.

Background/Objectives: To analyze the prevalence and risk factors associated with the onset of urinary incontinence (UI) in primiparous non-menopausal women with no personal history of pregestational UI, as well as its impact on quality of life. Methods: An ambispective observational cohort study was conducted among primiparous women between 5 and 10 years after childbirth. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were analyzed, along with the presence of UI using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF). Results: Of the 425 women analyzed, 228 (53.6%) presented UI. After adjusting for confounding factors, women who delivered by cesarean section showed a lower risk of developing UI (aOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.32–0.85; p = 0.009). Conversely, a family history of UI (mother or sister) (aOR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.25–3.32; p = 0.004) and the presence of medical history (chronic diseases/comorbidities) were associated with a higher risk of UI (aOR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.02–2.45; p = 0.040). Regarding quality of life, 25.88% of participants responded affirmatively to the specific interview question on UI, whereas 58.65% presented some degree of UI when assessed with the ICIQ-UI-SF. This discrepancy likely corresponds to mild-to-moderate cases. Conclusions: In primiparous, non-menopausal women without prior incontinence, the occurrence of UI in subsequent years following childbirth is associated with vaginal delivery, family history of UI, and the presence of chronic diseases or comorbidities. Evidence-based strategies for detection and prevention should be further developed and implemented.