Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied as reinforcing filler in a natural rubber based formulation as partial replacement of carbon black. Four levels of MWCNTs were tested at 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 phr in a compound already containing 50 phr of N375 carbon black. The data obtained were compared with the results of reference compounds filled exclusively with N375 carbon black at equal total filler loading as the nanocomposites. The effects of the addition of MWCNTs are dramatic and cause a strong increase in the green Mooney viscosity and in the cured hardness and moduli with a neat reduction of the elongation at break due to the stiffening effect of the MWCNTs. At 10 and 15 phr level of MWCNTs the 50% modulus results more than doubled in comparison to the reference compound. It is shown that the reinforcing effect imparted by MWCNTs to the natural rubber‐based nanocomposite is almost exclusively due to the hydrodynamic effect exerted by the large anisotropic factor of the MWCNTs molecular threads. Using the Enstein‐Guth equation, it has been shown that if the anisotropy factor (or shape factor) of a reinforcing carbon black is ∼6, in the case of MWCNTs used in the present work such factor reaches the value of 52.5, one order of magnitude higher. Drawbacks of the natural rubber nanocomposites prepared with MWCNTs appear under dynamic testing. The cyclic deformation of the nanocomposite specimens, both under compression or under extension, reveals a strong hysteresis and heat generation due to internal friction between the surface of the nanotubes and the rubber matrix. This fact confirms the poor surface interaction between MWCNTs and the natural rubber matrix.

Ozone is a pollutant at the ground level derived from the anthropogenic activities such as combustion and volatile organic compounds release in the environment. The ozone concentration at the ground level passed from <10 ppb in pre-industrial era to 50 ppb of the present time. Ozone concentration at ground level is growing at a rate of 1% per year. Rubber articles and tires are degraded by the ozone attack. The increasing ozone concentration in air requires adequate protection of rubber goods to avoid premature aging and failure. At present, the best antiozonant molecules used in the industrial practice are N,N’-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs). In this review, the reaction of ozone with diene rubber double bonds is examined together with the macroscopic effects produced by ozone in the rubber articles. Since the protection of rubber from ozone is ensured by the addition of PPDs; in this review, the early stages of ozone reaction with PPDs are discussed in detail using both theoretical and experimental results. The stoichiometry O₃/PPD was determined experimentally. It was found that each single PPD molecule is able to scavenge at least four ozone molecules.