Calotropis procera (C. procera) is a wild shrub that is a medicinal plant found in abundance throughout Saudi Arabia. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of the ethanolic extract of C. procera, in addition to the antimicrobial activity of the plant and its rhizospheric actinobacteria effects against pathogenic microorganisms. Soil-extract medium supplemented with glycerol as a carbon source and starch–casein agar medium was used for isolation of actinobacteria from rhizosphere. From the plant, a total of 31 compounds were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main components were α-amyrin (39.36%), lupeol acetate (17.94%), phytol (13.32%), hexadecanoic acid (5.55%), stigmasterol (3.16%), linolenic acid (3.04%), and gombasterol A (2.14%). C. procera plant extract’s antimicrobial activity was investigated using an agar well-diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six pathogenic microbial strains. The plant extract of C. procera was considered significantly active against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 18.66 mm, 21.26 mm, and 21.93 mm, respectively. The plant extract was considered to be a moderate inhibitor against Bacillus subtilis, with MIC ranging from 0.60–1.50 mg/mL. On the other hand, the isolated actinobacteria were considered to be a moderate inhibitor against S. aureus (MIC of 86 µg/mL), and a potent inhibitor, strain CALT_2, against Candida albicans (MIC of 35 µg/mL). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the potential strains belonged to the genus Streptomyces. The effect of C. procera extract against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced genotoxicity was examined by evaluating chromosome abnormalities in mouse somatic cells and DNA fragmentation assays. The current study revealed that oral pretreatment of C. procera (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w.) for 1, 7, and 14 days to cyclophosphamide-treated animals significantly reduced chromosomal abnormalities as well as DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, C. procera extract had antimicrobial and antigenotoxic effects against CP-induced genotoxicity.

The Senegal tree (Sengalia senegal) is the primary plant source of Gum Arabic (GA), a natural secretion rich in soluble fiber and bioactive polysaccharides. It has longstanding uses in traditional medicine, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of GA methanolic extract (GAME), supported by molecular docking analysis of its key compounds. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the GAME identified many compounds, such as 9-octadecenoic acid (38.29%), methyl ester (15.52), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 3-nitro (9.8%), hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (8.5), and á-d-mannofuranoside, methyl (7.38). The molecular docking analysis showed that 9-octadecenoic acid had strong binding affinity with target proteins, which included xanthine oxidase (XO), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), with the highest affinity to XO (−137.03 kcal/mol) and lipoxygenase (−135.09 kcal/mol). GAME possessed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with a zone of inhibition from 16.28 to 16.93 mm. B. subtilis was resistant to the tested extract. The extract also showed good membrane stability and potent inhibition of albumin, XO, LOX, and COX-2, with IC₅₀ values of 31.62, 13.02, 27.6, and 28.99 μg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxic assessment demonstrated moderate, dose-dependent effects on the Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (cervical carcinoma) cell lines. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of GA as a natural plant source of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. The combination of molecular docking with in vitro assays provides strong evidence supporting its application in the development of plant-based pharmaceuticals. This research suggests that GA could be a useful ingredient in the creation of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs derived from plants.