Soybean oil body (SOB) has potential as a milk fat substitute due to its ideal emulsification, stability and potential biological activity. In this study, SOB was used as a milk fat substitute to prepare ice cream, expecting to reduce the content of saturated fatty acid and improve the quality defects of ice cream products caused by the poor stability of milk fat at low temperatures. This study investigated the effect of SOB as a milk fat substitute (the substitution amount was 10–50%) on ice cream through apparent viscosity, particle size, overrun, melting, texture, sensory and digestive properties. The results show SOB substitution for milk fat significantly increased the apparent viscosity and droplet uniformity and decreased the particle size of the ice cream mixes, indicating that there were lots of intermolecular interactions to improve ice cream stability. In addition, ice cream with 30% to 50% SOB substitution had better melting properties and texture characteristics. The ice cream with 40% SOB substitution had the highest overall acceptability. Furthermore, SOB substitution for milk fat increased unsaturated fatty acid content in ice cream and fatty acid release during digestion, which had potential health benefits for consumers. Therefore, SOB as a milk fat substitute may be an effective way to improve the nutritional value and quality characteristics of dairy products.

With the increasing consumer demand for low-fat and low-cholesterol foods, low-fat mayonnaise prepared from soybean oil body (SOB) substitute for egg yolk has great consumption potential. However, based on previous studies, it was found that the stability and sensory properties of mayonnaise substituted with SOB were affected due to there being less lecithin and SOB containing more water. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of different ratios of xanthan gum, pectin and modified starch as stabilizers on the apparent viscosity, stability, texture and microstructure of SOB-substituted mayonnaise. It was found that the apparent viscosity and stability of SOB-substituted mayonnaise increased significantly when xanthan gum, pectin and modified starch were added in a ratio of 2:1:1. Meanwhile, the emulsified oil droplets of SOB-substituted mayonnaise were similar in size and uniformly dispersed in the emulsion system with different thickener formulations. In addition, the storage stability of SOB-substituted mayonnaise was explored. Compared with full egg yolk mayonnaise, SOB-substituted mayonnaise had better oxidative stability and bacteriostatic, which is important for the storage of mayonnaise. This study provided a theoretical basis for the food industry application of SOB. Meanwhile, this study provided new ideas for the development and storage of low-fat mayonnaise.

The purpose of this research was to explore the impacts of different homogenization pressures, pasteurization conditions, and process sequence on the physical and chemical properties of soybean oil body (SOB)-substituted low-fat ice cream as well as the storage stability of SOB-substituted ice cream under these process parameters. With the increase of homogenization pressure (10–30 MPa), the increase of pasteurization temperature (65 °C for 30 min–85 °C for 15 min), and the addition of SOB before homogenization, the overrun and apparent viscosity of ice cream increased significantly, and the particle size, hardness, and melting rate decreased significantly. Thus, frozen dairy products of desired quality and condition could be obtained by optimizing process parameters. In addition, the SOB ice cream showed better storage stability, which was reflected in lower melting rate and hardness and more stable microstructure compared with the full-milk-fat ice cream. This study opened up new ideas for the application of SOB and the development of nutritious and healthy ice cream. Meanwhile, this research supplied a conceptual basis for the processing and quality optimization of SOB ice cream.

Diet has a significant impact on fecal microbiota, which in turn plays an important role in human health. To evaluate the impact of dietary habits on fecal microbiota, we investigated the fecal microbial composition in vegetarians and omnivores using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and estimated the correlation between fecal microbiota, body mass and diet. The dietary data showed that vegetarians consumed more plant-based foods rich in dietary fiber, omnivores consumed more animal-based foods rich in fat and overweight and obese people consumed more high-energy foods. Compared to omnivores, vegetarians had greater richness and diversity in their fecal microbiota. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was lower and the Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio was higher in vegetarians. The meat intake correlated positively with the proportion of Bacteroides and negatively with the proportion of Prevotella. The composition and diversity in fecal microbiota in the normal weight group, overweight group and obesity group were similar to that of vegetarians and omnivores, respectively. This paper revealed the distinctive characteristics of fecal microbiota in vegetarians and omnivores. The omnivorous diet contained more fat, which reduced the fecal microbial diversity, and was more likely to lead to being overweight or obese.

The addition of fruit juice may improve the physicochemical and functional characteristics of dairy products. The study evaluated the effect of 1–6% (v/v) blue honeysuckle juice (BHJ) on the physicochemical, sensory and antioxidant characteristics of fermented goat milk (FGM) during 21 days of refrigerated storage and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The incorporation of BHJ significantly increased (p < 0.05) the water-holding capacity, viscosity, redness (a*) value, total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power during storage. Additionally, BHJ affected the microstructure and sensory score of the samples. FGM treated with 4% (v/v) BHJ exhibited the highest overall acceptability. The supplementation of BHJ diminished the goaty flavor and promoted in vitro protein digestion. Furthermore, the TPC was enhanced in addition to the antioxidant activity of FGM containing BHJ throughout the in vitro digestion. Therefore, FGM supplemented with BHJ serves as a novel and attractive goat dairy product.

This study aims to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) developed for vegetarians and omnivores in Harbin, China. Participants (36 vegetarians and 64 omnivores) administered SQFFQ at baseline (SQFFQ1) and six months later (SQFFQ2) to assess the reproducibility. The 24 h recalls (24 HRs) for three consecutive days were completed between the administrations of two SQFFQs to determine the validity. For reproducibility, Pearson correlation coefficients between SQFFQ1 and SQFFQ2 for vegetarians and omnivores were 0.45~0.88 and 0.44~0.84, respectively. For validity, unadjusted Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.46~0.83 with an average of 0.63 and 0.43~0.86 with an average of 0.61, respectively; energy-adjusted Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.43~0.82 with an average of 0.61 and 0.40~0.85 with an average of 0.59, respectively. Majority of the correlation coefficients for food groups and macronutrients decreased or remained unchanged after energy adjustment. Furthermore, all correlations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Bland–Altman plots also showed reasonably acceptable agreement between the two methods. In conclusion, the SQFFQ developed in this study has reasonably acceptable reproducibility and validity.