W artykule przedstawiono analizę zużycia wody w latach 2000–2012 w gospodarstwach wiejskich 8 wsi gminy Brzesko. Zamieszkuje w nich około 17 tys. osób, z których 81,6% korzysta z wody wodociągowej. We wszystkich wsiach odnotowano wzrost zużycia wody, który wyniósł od 1,2 do 240,2%. Średnie zużycie w przeliczeniu na jednego mieszkańca, w zależności od miejscowości wahało się w przedziale 30,9–70,5 dm3 · PM–1 · d–1, przy czym średnie w wieloleciu dla wszystkich wsi wyniosło 46,7 dm3 · PM–1 · d–1. W przeliczeniu na jedno podłączenie domowe zużycie wody, w zależności od miejscowości, kształtowało się na poziomie 137,6–293,7 dm3 · przył–1 · d–1. Średnie dla wszystkich wsi wyniosło 197,7 dm3 · przył–1 · d–1. Maksymalny pobór wody odnotowano we wsi, gdzie najwcześniej powstał wodociąg, a minimalny – w miejscowości, w której sieć została wybudowana najpóźniej. Korelacja średniej jednostkowej wysokości zużycia wody od liczby lat korzystania z wody wodociągowej jest na poziomie 92,6%. Natomiast w przypadku zależności wysokości tego wskaźnika od odległości wsi od miasta powiatowego korelacja wyniosła 69,7%.

The essence of the research was the modeling of a real electric energy storage system in a phase change battery operating in a foil tunnel. The scope of the work covered the construction of two partial models, i.e., energy storage in the PCM accumulator and heat losses in the PCM accumulator. Their construction was based on modeling methods selected on the basis of a literature review and previous analyses, i.e., artificial neural networks, random forest, enhanced regression trees, MARS plines, standard multiple regression, standard regression trees, exhaustive for regression trees. Based on the analysis of the error values, the models of the best quality were selected. The final result of this study was the construction of such a model of the process of storing electricity in a PCM battery, characterized by the mean absolute percentage error forecast error of 1–2%. The achievement of this goal was possible thanks to the use of the artificial neural networks model for which the input variables were the amount of energy supplied to the accumulator and the temperature of the heat storage medium.

Currently, the character of many households located in rural areas is closer to that of suburban households. The change in the characters of households located in rural areas results in changes in the size and irregularity of water demand, which should translate into a new approach at the stage...

Cel pracy: Celem pracy była analiza występowania drobin plastiku w wodach Wisły w obrębie Krakowa. Materiał i metody: W pobranych próbkach wód określano obecność mikro- i mezoplastiku. Dla wszystkich cząstek plastiku ustalano ich ilość, pochodzenie (pierwotne/wtórne), kolor,...

A New Approach to the Maximum Quarterly Water Consumption Modeling on the Example of Individual Water Consumers in a Small Water Supply System

The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption in tourist destinations. The city of Ostróda, located in north-eastern Poland in the Warmian-Masurian Province, was selected as the subject of the study. The data for the analysis was obtained from Przedsiębiorstwo Wodociągów i Kanalizacji Ostróda sp. z o.o. (Ostróda Water Supply and Sewerage Company). It included monthly water consumption in individual consumer groups and the hourly volume of water pumped into the network. The following periods were subjected to a comparative analysis: before (1 January 2018–31 March 2020), during the pandemic (1 April 2020–31 May 2022), and in the phase of easing restrictions (1 June 2022–31 December 2023). Water consumption was analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests in individual customer groups, with a distinction made between the following sectors: households, non-production services, food industry, wholesale, production services, and other industries. In addition, an analysis was carried out of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the daily and hourly unevenness of water supply to the water supply network in individual research periods. Based on the analyses carried out, it was found that the impact of the pandemic on total water consumption in the water supply system was insignificant, but varied greatly among individual consumer groups. However, the pandemic did not have a major impact on the values of the coefficients of unevenness of water supply to the network or on the volume and times of peak supply. Based on the analyses, it was found that the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly affect water consumption in households, but significant changes were observed in the industrial and service sectors (η² = 0.26–0.37; ε² = 0.36–0.52). There was no significant impact of the pandemic on the values of water supply irregularity coefficients or the size and hours of water supply peaks.