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Brain Breaks® are structured physical activity (PA) web-based videos designed to promote an interest in learning and health promotion. The objective of this study was to examine its effects on decision balance (DB) which consists of the perceived benefits (Pros) and perceived barriers (Cons) of exercise in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A randomised controlled trial was conducted among people with T2DM at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The intervention group received Brain Breaks videos for a period of four months. The intervention and control groups completed the validated Malay version of DB questionnaire for five times, at pre-intervention, the first month, the second month, the third month, and post-intervention. Multivariate Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was performed for data analysis. A total of 70 participants were included (male = 39; female = 31) with a mean age of 57.6 years (SD = 8.5). The intervention group showed a significant change in the Pros and Cons factors of DB scores over time. The intervention group showed significantly higher scores for the Pros (p-value < 0.001) and lower scores for the Cons (p-value = 0.008) factors than the control group. In conclusion, the Brain Breaks video is an effective intervention to improve decisional balance in patients with T2DM to help them in deciding on behaviour change to be more physically active.
Aizuddin Hidrus; Yee Cheng Kueh; Bachok Norsa’Adah; Yu-Kai Chang; Garry Kuan. Effects of Brain Breaks Video Intervention of Decisional Balance among Malaysians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8972 .
AMA StyleAizuddin Hidrus, Yee Cheng Kueh, Bachok Norsa’Adah, Yu-Kai Chang, Garry Kuan. Effects of Brain Breaks Video Intervention of Decisional Balance among Malaysians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (17):8972.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAizuddin Hidrus; Yee Cheng Kueh; Bachok Norsa’Adah; Yu-Kai Chang; Garry Kuan. 2021. "Effects of Brain Breaks Video Intervention of Decisional Balance among Malaysians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 8972.
Numerous studies have shown that dispositional mindfulness is positively associated with many mental abilities related to sports performance, including psychological skills and mental toughness. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, psychological skills, and mental toughness among different types of athletes. For this cross-sectional study, 101 college athletes were recruited. Their dispositional mindfulness, psychological skills, and mental toughness were measured by the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Athletic Psychological Skills Inventory (APSI), and Traits of Mental Toughness Inventory for Sports Scale (TMTIS). Pearson’s correlation was used to calculate how dispositional mindfulness is associated with psychological skills and mental toughness. The results revealed that dispositional mindfulness is positively associated with comprehensive APSI (r = 0.21–0.36, p< 0.05), TMTIS overall (r = 0.27, p< 0.01), positive effort (r = 0.26, p = 0.01), and pressure (r = 0.30, p< 0.01). These findings suggest a positive linkage between mindfulness and the two examined psychological characteristics related to sports performance. Other approaches to increase mindfulness may be considered in the future.
Chih-Han Wu; Jui-Ti Nien; Chi-Yen Lin; Yu-Hsiang Nien; Garry Kuan; Tsung-Yi Wu; Fei-Fei Ren; Yu-Kai Chang. Relationship between Mindfulness, Psychological Skills, and Mental Toughness in College Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6802 .
AMA StyleChih-Han Wu, Jui-Ti Nien, Chi-Yen Lin, Yu-Hsiang Nien, Garry Kuan, Tsung-Yi Wu, Fei-Fei Ren, Yu-Kai Chang. Relationship between Mindfulness, Psychological Skills, and Mental Toughness in College Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6802.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChih-Han Wu; Jui-Ti Nien; Chi-Yen Lin; Yu-Hsiang Nien; Garry Kuan; Tsung-Yi Wu; Fei-Fei Ren; Yu-Kai Chang. 2021. "Relationship between Mindfulness, Psychological Skills, and Mental Toughness in College Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6802.
Chinese mind-body exercises (CMBEs) are positively associated with executive function (EF), but their effects on EF, from synthesized evidence using systematic and meta-analytic reviews, have not been conducted. Therefore, the present systematic review with meta-analysis attempted to determine whether CMBEs affect EF and its sub-domains, as well as how exercise, sample, and study characteristics moderate the causal relationship between CMBEs and EF in middle-aged and older adults. Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant studies published from the inception of each database through June 2020 (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Weipu). Randomized controlled trials with at least one outcome measure of CMBEs on EF in adults of mean age ≥ 50 years with intact cognition or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and with or without chronic diseases were included. A total of 29 studies (N = 2,934) ultimately were included in this study. The results indicated that CMBEs improved overall EF (Standardized Mean Differences = 0.28, 95% CI 0.12, 0.44), as well as its sub-domains of working memory and shifting. The beneficial effects of CMBEs on EF occurred regardless of type (Tai Chi, Qigong), frequency of group classes (≤2 time, 3-4 time, ≥5 times), session time (≤45 min, 46-60 min), total training time (≥150 to ≤300 min, >300 min), and length of the CMBEs (4-12 week, 13-26 week, and >26 week), in addition to that more frequent participation in both group classes and home practice sessions (≥5 times per week) resulted in more beneficial effects. The positive effects of CMBEs on EF were also demonstrated, regardless of participants mean age (50-65 years old, >65 years old), sex (only female, both), and cognitive statuses (normal, MCI, not mentioned), health status (with chronic disease, without chronic disease), as well as training mode (group class, group class plus home practice) and study language (English, Chinese). This review thus suggests that CMBEs can be used as an effective method with small to moderate and positive effects in enhancing EF, and that more frequent group classes and home practice sessions may increase these effects. However, certain limitations, including strictly design studies, limited ES (effect size) samples for specific variables, and possible biased publications, required paying particular attention to, for further exploring the effects of CMBEs on EF.
Fei-Fei Ren; Feng-Tzu Chen; Wen-Sheng Zhou; Yu-Min Cho; Tsung-Jung Ho; Tsung-Min Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. Effects of Chinese Mind-Body Exercises on Executive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 2021, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleFei-Fei Ren, Feng-Tzu Chen, Wen-Sheng Zhou, Yu-Min Cho, Tsung-Jung Ho, Tsung-Min Hung, Yu-Kai Chang. Effects of Chinese Mind-Body Exercises on Executive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021; 12 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei-Fei Ren; Feng-Tzu Chen; Wen-Sheng Zhou; Yu-Min Cho; Tsung-Jung Ho; Tsung-Min Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. 2021. "Effects of Chinese Mind-Body Exercises on Executive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Frontiers in Psychology 12, no. : 1.
Acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient strategy to improve physical health; however, the effect of acute HIIT on executive function (EF) is unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing evidence and quantify the effect of acute HIIT on overall EF and the factors affecting the relationship between acute HIIT and EF. Standard databases (i.e., the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases) were searched for studies that examined the effect of acute HIIT on EF and were published up until January 2021. The overall EF and factors grouped by three categories, namely, EF assessment characteristics, exercise intervention characteristics, and sample and study characteristics, were analyzed by percentage of comparison for positive or null/negative effects. Overall, 35 of 57 outcomes (61%) across 24 studies revealed that acute HIIT has a positive effect on overall EF. In terms of factors, the results indicated that among EF assessment characteristics, groups, inhibition, updating, and the assessment occurring within 30 min may moderate the effect of acute HIIT on EF, while among exercise intervention characteristics, total time within 11 to 30 min may moderate the effect. Finally, among sample characteristics, age under 40 years may moderate the effect. Acute HIIT is generally considered a viable alternative for eliciting EF gains, with factors related to EF components, timing of the assessment, exercise total time, and age potentially moderating the effect of HIIT on EF.
Jing-Yi Ai; Feng-Tzu Chen; Shu-Shih Hsieh; Shih-Chun Kao; Ai-Guo Chen; Tsung-Min Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. The Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3593 .
AMA StyleJing-Yi Ai, Feng-Tzu Chen, Shu-Shih Hsieh, Shih-Chun Kao, Ai-Guo Chen, Tsung-Min Hung, Yu-Kai Chang. The Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (7):3593.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJing-Yi Ai; Feng-Tzu Chen; Shu-Shih Hsieh; Shih-Chun Kao; Ai-Guo Chen; Tsung-Min Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. 2021. "The Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3593.
Obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness exhibit negative and positive impacts, respectively, on executive function. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these two factors on executive function remain unclear. This study investigated the combined effects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness on response inhibition of executive function from both behavioral and neuroelectric perspectives. Ninety-six young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and assigned into four groups: the high cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NH), high cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OH), low cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NL), and low cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OL) groups. The stop-signal task and its induced P3 component of event-related potentials was utilized to index response inhibition. The participants with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NH and OH groups) demonstrated better behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response times and higher accuracy levels), as well as shorter stop-signal response times and larger P3 amplitudes than their counterparts with low cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NL and OL groups). The study provides first-hand evidence of the substantial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the response inhibition, including evidence that the detrimental effects of obesity might be overcome by high cardiorespiratory fitness.
Lin Chi; Chiao-Ling Hung; Chi-Yen Lin; Tai-Fen Song; Chien-Heng Chu; Yu-Kai Chang; Chenglin Zhou. The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition: An ERP Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3429 .
AMA StyleLin Chi, Chiao-Ling Hung, Chi-Yen Lin, Tai-Fen Song, Chien-Heng Chu, Yu-Kai Chang, Chenglin Zhou. The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition: An ERP Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (7):3429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin Chi; Chiao-Ling Hung; Chi-Yen Lin; Tai-Fen Song; Chien-Heng Chu; Yu-Kai Chang; Chenglin Zhou. 2021. "The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition: An ERP Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3429.
To examine, from behavioral perspectives, the feasibility of applying group-based aerobic exercise as an adjunct to treatment aimed at improving the cognitive functions and emotions of substance use disorder (SUD) patients. Eighty-three male methamphetamine use disorder patients recruited through an isolated detoxification centers (IDCs) were assigned into either an exercise group or control group. The exercise group participated in a group-based aerobic exercise intervention involving moderate-intensity exercises for 3 months. The cognitive functions, emotions, drug cravings, and physical fitness of the patients in both groups were measured at the baseline, 1 months, 2 month, and 3 months time points. After the 3 months intervention, the exercise group exhibited significant improvements in SSRT, HAMA and BDI scores, and physical fitness scores (i.e., BMI, vital capacity, flexibility, and balance) relative to the control group. Furthermore, the exercise group exhibited significantly reduced VAS scores for craving in comparison to the control group after only 2 months of the intervention. The 3 months group-based aerobic exercise program showed beneficial effects for cognitive functions, emotions, cravings, and physical fitness among SUD patients (i.e., methamphetamine use disorder patients), and can thus be considered as a potential therapeutic candidate for addiction rehabilitation.
Ting Zhu; Weiji Tao; Bo Peng; Rui Su; Dongshi Wang; Cheng Hu; Yu-Kai Chang. Effects of a Group-Based Aerobic Exercise Program on the Cognitive Functions and Emotions of Substance Use Disorder Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2021, 1 -17.
AMA StyleTing Zhu, Weiji Tao, Bo Peng, Rui Su, Dongshi Wang, Cheng Hu, Yu-Kai Chang. Effects of a Group-Based Aerobic Exercise Program on the Cognitive Functions and Emotions of Substance Use Disorder Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2021; ():1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTing Zhu; Weiji Tao; Bo Peng; Rui Su; Dongshi Wang; Cheng Hu; Yu-Kai Chang. 2021. "Effects of a Group-Based Aerobic Exercise Program on the Cognitive Functions and Emotions of Substance Use Disorder Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction , no. : 1-17.
The current study focused on the effects of an 8-week motor skill-based physical activity (i.e., gymnastics) program on the contingent negative variation derived from event-related brain potentials (CNV-ERP) during a working memory task in children. Children aged 7–10 years old were assigned to a gymnastics group (n = 26) or a wait-list control group (n = 24). The gymnastics group engaged in a gymnastics program whereas children in the control group were asked to maintain their typical routine during the intervention period. Working memory performance was measured by a delayed-matching working memory task, accompanied by CNV-ERP collection. The results revealed significant improvement of response accuracy from pre-test to post-test in the gymnastic group regardless of memory demands. Moreover, significant increase from pre-test to post-test in the initial CNV was observed in the gymnastic group regardless of memory demands. Bivariate correlations further indicated that, in the gymnastic group, increases in response accuracy from pre-test to post-test were correlated with increases in initial CNV from pre-test to post-test in task conditions with lower and higher memory loads. Overall, the current findings suggest that up-regulation of proactive control may characterize the beneficial effects of childhood motor skill-based physical activity on working memory.
Chih-Chien Lin; Shu-Shih Hsieh; Yu-Kai Chang; Chung-Ju Huang; Charles H. Hillman; Tsung-Min Hung. Up-regulation of proactive control is associated with beneficial effects of a childhood gymnastics program on response preparation and working memory. Brain and Cognition 2021, 149, 105695 .
AMA StyleChih-Chien Lin, Shu-Shih Hsieh, Yu-Kai Chang, Chung-Ju Huang, Charles H. Hillman, Tsung-Min Hung. Up-regulation of proactive control is associated with beneficial effects of a childhood gymnastics program on response preparation and working memory. Brain and Cognition. 2021; 149 ():105695.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChih-Chien Lin; Shu-Shih Hsieh; Yu-Kai Chang; Chung-Ju Huang; Charles H. Hillman; Tsung-Min Hung. 2021. "Up-regulation of proactive control is associated with beneficial effects of a childhood gymnastics program on response preparation and working memory." Brain and Cognition 149, no. : 105695.
The current study examined the effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MAE) on inhibitory control and resting-state heart rate variability (HRV) in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Our data show that acute MAE resulted in higher response accuracy of a modified flanker task regardless of task difficulty for 60 min (p = .001). Aerobic exercise further resulted in more effective conflict detection, as measured by greater amplitude (p = .012) and shorter latency (p = .029) of the N2 component of event-related brain potential, for 60 min regardless of task difficulty. In contrast, acute MAE did not modulate sympathovagal balance signified by HRV at either 30 min or 60 min following exercise cessation. Collectively, our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control are sustained for 60 min in children with ADHD. However, acute aerobic exercise may not modulate sympathovagal balance during the post-exercise recovery. Overall, we highlight the importance of acute aerobic exercise for children with ADHD as a potential means to facilitate brain health.
Chien-Lin Yu; Shu-Shih Hsieh; Ting-Yu Chueh; Chung-Ju Huang; Charles H. Hillman; Tsung-Min Hung. The effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and resting state heart rate variability in children with ADHD. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 19958 .
AMA StyleChien-Lin Yu, Shu-Shih Hsieh, Ting-Yu Chueh, Chung-Ju Huang, Charles H. Hillman, Tsung-Min Hung. The effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and resting state heart rate variability in children with ADHD. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):19958.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChien-Lin Yu; Shu-Shih Hsieh; Ting-Yu Chueh; Chung-Ju Huang; Charles H. Hillman; Tsung-Min Hung. 2020. "The effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and resting state heart rate variability in children with ADHD." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 19958.
Feng-Tzu Chen; Tsung -Ming Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. Reply to: Comment on: “Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‑Analysis”. Sports Medicine 2020, 51, 597 -598.
AMA StyleFeng-Tzu Chen, Tsung -Ming Hung, Yu-Kai Chang. Reply to: Comment on: “Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‑Analysis”. Sports Medicine. 2020; 51 (3):597-598.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng-Tzu Chen; Tsung -Ming Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. 2020. "Reply to: Comment on: “Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‑Analysis”." Sports Medicine 51, no. 3: 597-598.
Objective: Aerobic exercise is considered a potential adjunctive treatment for heroin addicts, but little is known about its mechanisms. Less severe cravings and greater inhibitory control have been associated with reduced substance use. The aim of the current study was to determine the effects, as measured by behavioral and neuroelectric measurements, of acute aerobic exercise on heroin cravings and inhibitory control induced by heroin-related conditions among heroin addicts. Design: The present study used a randomized controlled design. Methods: Sixty male heroin addicts who met the DSM-V criteria were recruited from the Isolated Detoxification Center in China and randomly assigned to one of two groups; one group completed a 20-min bout of acute stationary cycle exercise with vigorous intensity (70–80% of maximum heart rate, exercise group), and the other group rested (control group). The self-reported heroin craving levels and inhibitory control outcomes (measured by a heroin-related Go/No-Go task) were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Results: The heroin craving levels in the exercise group were significantly attenuated during, immediately following, and 40 min after vigorous exercise compared with before exercise; moreover, during exercise, a smaller craving was observed in the exercise group than in the control group. Acute exercise also facilitated inhibition performance in the No-Go task. After exercise, the participants’ accuracy, the N2d amplitudes, and the theta two band spectral power during the No-Go conditions were higher in the exercise group than in the control group. Interestingly, significant correlations between the changes in these sensitive measurements and the changes in cravings were observed. Conclusions: This is the first empirical study to demonstrate that aerobic exercise may be efficacious for reducing heroin cravings and promoting inhibitory control among heroin addicts.
Dongshi Wang; Ting Zhu; Jiachen Chen; Yingzhi Lu; Chenglin Zhou; Yu-Kai Chang. Acute Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Cravings and Inhibitory Control in Heroin Addicts: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials and Frequency Bands. Frontiers in Psychology 2020, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleDongshi Wang, Ting Zhu, Jiachen Chen, Yingzhi Lu, Chenglin Zhou, Yu-Kai Chang. Acute Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Cravings and Inhibitory Control in Heroin Addicts: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials and Frequency Bands. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDongshi Wang; Ting Zhu; Jiachen Chen; Yingzhi Lu; Chenglin Zhou; Yu-Kai Chang. 2020. "Acute Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Cravings and Inhibitory Control in Heroin Addicts: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials and Frequency Bands." Frontiers in Psychology 11, no. : 1.
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its associated governmental recommendations and restrictions have influenced many aspects of human life, including exercise and mental health. This study aims to explore the influence of COVID-19 on exercise behavior and its impact on mood states, as well as predict changes in exercise behavior during a similar future pandemic in Taiwan. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between 7 April and 13 May 2020 (n = 1114). Data on exercise behavior pre and during the pandemic and mood states were collected. A cumulative link model was used to predict changes in exercise frequency during a similar future pandemic by exercise frequency during the pandemic. A linear model was used to predict the influence of exercise frequency before and during the pandemic on mood states during the pandemic. A total of 71.2%, 67.3%, and 58.3% of respondents maintained their exercise intensity, frequency, and duration, respectively, during the pandemic. Frequent exercisers are more likely to maintain their exercise frequency during a similar pandemic (p < 0.001). Higher exercise frequencies during the pandemic were associated with better mood states (p < 0.05). Moreover, the effects of prepandemic exercise frequency on mood states are moderated by changes in exercise frequency during the pandemic (p < 0.05). Additionally, maintenance of exercise frequency during a pandemic specifically for frequent exercisers are recommended to preserve mood states. These results may provide evidence for health policies on exercise promotion and mental health before and during a future pandemic.
Yu-Kai Chang; Chiao-Ling Hung; Sinika Timme; Sanaz Nosrat; Chien-Heng Chu. Exercise Behavior and Mood during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Lessons for the Future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7092 .
AMA StyleYu-Kai Chang, Chiao-Ling Hung, Sinika Timme, Sanaz Nosrat, Chien-Heng Chu. Exercise Behavior and Mood during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Lessons for the Future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7092.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu-Kai Chang; Chiao-Ling Hung; Sinika Timme; Sanaz Nosrat; Chien-Heng Chu. 2020. "Exercise Behavior and Mood during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Lessons for the Future." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7092.
Mindfulness interventions have been linked to improved sport performance and executive functions; however, few studies have explored the effects of mindfulness on sport performance and executive functions simultaneously. This study sought to examine whether a mindfulness training program would affect both the endurance performance and executive functions of athletes. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with the Stroop task were assessed to investigate the potential electrophysiological activation associated with the mindfulness training. Applying a quasiexperimental design, forty-six university athletes were recruited and assigned into a five-week mindfulness training program or a waiting list control group. For each participant, the mindfulness level, endurance performance assessed by a graded exercise test, executive functions assessed via Stroop task, and N2 component of ERPs were measured prior to and following the 5-week intervention. After adjusting for the preintervention scores as a covariate, it was found that the postintervention mindfulness level, exhaustion time, and Stroop task accuracy scores, regardless of task condition, of the mindfulness group were higher than those of the control group. The mindfulness group also exhibited a smaller N2 amplitude than the control group. These results suggest that the five-week mindfulness program can enhance the mindfulness level, endurance performance, and multiple cognitive functions, including executive functions, of university athletes. Mindfulness training may also reduce conflict monitoring in neural processes.
Jui-Ti Nien; Chih-Han Wu; Kao-Teng Yang; Yu-Min Cho; Chien-Heng Chu; Yu-Kai Chang; Chenglin Zhou. Mindfulness Training Enhances Endurance Performance and Executive Functions in Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study. Neural Plasticity 2020, 2020, 1 -12.
AMA StyleJui-Ti Nien, Chih-Han Wu, Kao-Teng Yang, Yu-Min Cho, Chien-Heng Chu, Yu-Kai Chang, Chenglin Zhou. Mindfulness Training Enhances Endurance Performance and Executive Functions in Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study. Neural Plasticity. 2020; 2020 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJui-Ti Nien; Chih-Han Wu; Kao-Teng Yang; Yu-Min Cho; Chien-Heng Chu; Yu-Kai Chang; Chenglin Zhou. 2020. "Mindfulness Training Enhances Endurance Performance and Executive Functions in Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study." Neural Plasticity 2020, no. : 1-12.
Research regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on executive function has grown exponentially in recent years. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the current state of literature. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize previous research regarding the acute and chronic effects of HIIT on executive function across the lifespan and highlight future research directions. The results indicated that acute bouts of HIIT has a positive effect on inhibition in children/adolescents and adults, and further that chronic HIIT benefits inhibition and working memory in children. More research employing chronic interventions, focusing on middle-aged and older adults, and examining the effects on the working memory and cognitive flexibility domains of executive function are needed. Future research should also focus on a) the use of stronger research designs, b) the effects of HIIT dosage/modality, c) consideration of individual differences, d) possible underlying mechanisms, and e) examining the feasibility of translating HIIT to real-word settings.
Shu-Shih Hsieh; Ting-Yu Chueh; Chung-Ju Huang; Shih-Chun Kao; Charles H. Hillman; Yu-Kai Chang; Tsung-Min Hung. Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan. Journal of Sports Sciences 2020, 39, 10 -22.
AMA StyleShu-Shih Hsieh, Ting-Yu Chueh, Chung-Ju Huang, Shih-Chun Kao, Charles H. Hillman, Yu-Kai Chang, Tsung-Min Hung. Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2020; 39 (1):10-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShu-Shih Hsieh; Ting-Yu Chueh; Chung-Ju Huang; Shih-Chun Kao; Charles H. Hillman; Yu-Kai Chang; Tsung-Min Hung. 2020. "Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan." Journal of Sports Sciences 39, no. 1: 10-22.
Purpose A recent increase in screen time during early childhood has adversely affected the sleep and psychosocial health of children; however, limited information is available regarding effective interventions to reduce the screen time among them. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a parental educational program on screen use, sleep quality, and psychosocial adaptation among preschoolers. Design and methods A clustered randomized controlled study with a parallel-group design was conducted. Preschoolers with a screen time of ≥2 h/day and their parents were recruited. In total, 14 kindergartens containing 129 parent–child dyads were randomly allocated to either the experimental group (receiving parental education, N = 63 dyads) or the control group (daily activities, N = 66 dyads). Data were collected before and after the intervention. A screen time questionnaire, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and the Pediatric Symptom checklist-17 were provided to the participants. A linear mixed-model analysis was performed to examine the efficacy of the intervention. Results After the intervention, the screen time of children in the experimental group was significantly reduced (effect size: 0.83, p < .001), and they presented improved sleep quality (effect size: 0.57, p = .01) and attention score (effect size: 0.77, p = .02) for psychosocial adaptation. Conclusions Parental education is an effective intervention for reducing screen time and improving sleep quality and attention among preschoolers. Practice implications Healthcare professionals should consider implementing parental educational programs to reduce screen time, and thus improve the sleep quality and psychosocial health of preschoolers.
Yen-Miao Lin; Shu-Yu Kuo; Yu-Kai Chang; Pi-Chu Lin; Pi-Hsia Lee; Pu-Hung Lin; Su-Ru Chen. Effects of Parental Education on Screen Time, Sleep Disturbances, and Psychosocial Adaptation Among Asian Preschoolers: A Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2020, 56, e27 -e34.
AMA StyleYen-Miao Lin, Shu-Yu Kuo, Yu-Kai Chang, Pi-Chu Lin, Pi-Hsia Lee, Pu-Hung Lin, Su-Ru Chen. Effects of Parental Education on Screen Time, Sleep Disturbances, and Psychosocial Adaptation Among Asian Preschoolers: A Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2020; 56 ():e27-e34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYen-Miao Lin; Shu-Yu Kuo; Yu-Kai Chang; Pi-Chu Lin; Pi-Hsia Lee; Pu-Hung Lin; Su-Ru Chen. 2020. "Effects of Parental Education on Screen Time, Sleep Disturbances, and Psychosocial Adaptation Among Asian Preschoolers: A Randomized Controlled Study." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 56, no. : e27-e34.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on neural and behavioral measures of inhibitory control in young male adults with obesity. Design: The present study employed a within-subjects design. Methods: Sixteen male adults with obesity [body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m2] were recruited. Reaction time and response accuracy of the Flanker task as well as P3 and late positive potential (LPP) components of the event-related potential (ERP) were measured following HIIE and a sedentary control, in counterbalanced order. The HIIE session consisted of 30 min of stationary cycle exercise (5-min warm-up, 20-min HIIE, and a 5-min cool-down), whereas the control condition consisted of a time and attention-matched sedentary resting session. Results: Faster response times were observed following HIIE regardless of Flanker task condition. Faster and more accurate responses were also observed for congruent relative to incongruent conditions across both sessions. Relative to the neuroelectric data, acute HIIE resulted in increased LPP amplitude but did not affect P3 amplitude. Conclusion: Collectively, a single bout of HIIE has a general beneficial effect on basic information processing and inhibitory control among young adult males with obesity. Acute HIIE was found to impact LPP amplitude, but not the P3, which may suggest a modulation in the ability to successfully maintain attention and filter irrelevant information to achieve successful cognitive inhibition. Future research is warranted to extend these findings to a larger sample size that includes both genders, other cognitive functions, and a comparison of different modes of exercise.
Chun Xie; Brandon L. Alderman; Fanying Meng; Jingyi Ai; Yu-Kai Chang; Anmin Li. Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control Among Young Adult Males With Obesity. Frontiers in Psychology 2020, 11, 1291 .
AMA StyleChun Xie, Brandon L. Alderman, Fanying Meng, Jingyi Ai, Yu-Kai Chang, Anmin Li. Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control Among Young Adult Males With Obesity. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11 ():1291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun Xie; Brandon L. Alderman; Fanying Meng; Jingyi Ai; Yu-Kai Chang; Anmin Li. 2020. "Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control Among Young Adult Males With Obesity." Frontiers in Psychology 11, no. : 1291.
The present study extends the sport neuroscience literature by comparing elite and amateur golfers during golf putting and examining the essential cognitive-motor processes that may contribute to understanding the superior cognitive-motor performance of skilled performers. Twenty elite and 18 amateur golfers were recruited to perform 60 putts while individual EEGs were recorded. Compared with the amateur golfers, the elite golfers were characterized by (1) lower alpha 2 power at Pz and T8 2 s before putt release; (2) lower alpha 2 power at Fz and T8 and lower mu 2 power 1 s before putting; and (3) lower alpha 2 coherence at Fz–T7 and Fz–T8. This suggests that the elite golfers had higher levels of attention to response motor programming and visuospatial attention and less cognitive-motor interference before putting. These findings not only point to the importance of refining brain processes but also specify essential cognitive-motor processes for superior performance in athletes.
Kuo-Pin Wang; Ming-Yang Cheng; Tai-Ting Chen; Chung-Ju Huang; Thomas Schack; Tsung-Min Hung. Elite golfers are characterized by psychomotor refinement in cognitive-motor processes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2020, 50, 101739 .
AMA StyleKuo-Pin Wang, Ming-Yang Cheng, Tai-Ting Chen, Chung-Ju Huang, Thomas Schack, Tsung-Min Hung. Elite golfers are characterized by psychomotor refinement in cognitive-motor processes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2020; 50 ():101739.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuo-Pin Wang; Ming-Yang Cheng; Tai-Ting Chen; Chung-Ju Huang; Thomas Schack; Tsung-Min Hung. 2020. "Elite golfers are characterized by psychomotor refinement in cognitive-motor processes." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 50, no. : 101739.
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and age have been positively associated with children’s executive function; however, few studies have simultaneously assessed the associations between both variables and different aspects of executive function among preadolescent children. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the simultaneous influence of CRF and age on three aspects of executive function. Preadolescent children’s (n = 338) CRF levels were estimated based on the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test and then grouped into two age groups (Young Group: 9–10 years old and Old Group: 11–12 years old). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted for the 2-back task, the Flanker task, and the Local-Global task to assess the influence of CRF and age on working memory, inhibitory control, and shifting, respectively. Preadolescent children with greater CRF levels were associated with higher response accuracy during the 2-back task and shorter response time across congruent and incongruent conditions of the Flanker task, whereas older children showed generally superior cognitive performance. Notably, only the Old Group’s CRF was positively correlated with the accuracy in the switching condition of the Local-Global task. These findings suggest that CRF or age was generally associated with better performances in working memory and inhibitory control aspects of executive function. Furthermore, the positive influence of CRF on shifting may be modulated by developed cortical maturation.
Zhuxuan Zhan; Jingyi Ai; Feifei Ren; Lin Li; Chien-Heng Chu; Yu-Kai Chang. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Age, and Multiple Aspects of Executive Function Among Preadolescent Children. Frontiers in Psychology 2020, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleZhuxuan Zhan, Jingyi Ai, Feifei Ren, Lin Li, Chien-Heng Chu, Yu-Kai Chang. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Age, and Multiple Aspects of Executive Function Among Preadolescent Children. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuxuan Zhan; Jingyi Ai; Feifei Ren; Lin Li; Chien-Heng Chu; Yu-Kai Chang. 2020. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Age, and Multiple Aspects of Executive Function Among Preadolescent Children." Frontiers in Psychology 11, no. : 1.
Background Chronic exercise training has been shown be to positively associated with executive function (EF) in older adults. However, whether the exercise training effect on EF is affected by moderators including the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics remains unknown. Objectives This systematic and meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the effects of exercise training on EF in older adults and explored potential moderators underlying the effects of exercise training on EF. Methods In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (Scopus) were searched from January 2003 to November 2019. All studies identified for inclusion were peer-reviewed and published in English. To be included, studies had to report findings from older (> 55 years old), cognitively normal adults or adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) randomized to an exercise training or a control group. The risk of bias in each study was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Fixed-effects models were used to compare the effects of exercise training and control conditions on EF assessed at baseline and post-intervention. In addition, subgroup analyses were performed for three moderators (i.e., the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics). Results Thirty-three RCTs were included. Overall, exercise training was associated with a significant small improvement in EF [Q(106) = 260.09, Hedges’ g = 0.21; p < 0.01]. The EF sub-domain moderator was not significant [Q(2) = 4.33, p > 0.05], showing that the EF improvement in response to exercise is evident for measures of inhibition, updating, and shifting. Regarding exercise prescription variables, results were significantly moderated by frequency of exercise training [Q(1) = 10.86, p < 0.05], revealing that effect sizes (ESs) were larger for moderate frequency (g = 0.31) as compared to low frequency exercise (g = 0.15). The results also showed type of exercise training moderated the ESs [Q(4) = 26.18, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for other forms of exercise (g = 0.44), followed by Tai Chi and yoga (g = 0.38), resistance exercise (g = 0.22), aerobic exercise (g = 0.14), and combined exercise (g = 0.10). In addition, The results showed moderated length of training the ESs [Q(2) = 16.64, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for short length (g = 0.32), followed by mid length (g = 0.26) and long length (g = 0.09). No significant difference in effects was observed as a function of exercise intensity [Q(1) = 2.87 p > 0.05] and session time [Q(2) = 0.21, p > 0.05]. Regarding sample characteristics, the results were significantly moderated by age [Q(2) = 20.64, p < 0.05], with significant benefits for young-old (55–65 years old) (g = 0.30) and mid-old (66–75 years old) (g = 0.25), but no effect on EF for old-old (more than 75 years old). The results were also significantly moderated by physical fitness levels [Q(1) = 10.80, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for sedentary participants (g = 0.33) as compared to physically fit participants (g = 0.16). In addition, results were also significantly moderated by cognitive status [Q(1) = 11.44, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for participants with cognitively normal (g = 0.26) as compared to those with mild cognitive impairment (g = 0.08). No significant differences in effects were observed as a function of sex [Q(2) = 5.38, p > 0.05]. Conclusions Exercise training showed a small beneficial effect on EF in older adults and the magnitude of the effect was different across some moderators.
Feng-Tzu Chen; Jennifer L. Etnier; Kuei-Hui Chan; Ping-Kun Chiu; Tsung-Ming Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine 2020, 50, 1451 -1467.
AMA StyleFeng-Tzu Chen, Jennifer L. Etnier, Kuei-Hui Chan, Ping-Kun Chiu, Tsung-Ming Hung, Yu-Kai Chang. Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. 2020; 50 (8):1451-1467.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng-Tzu Chen; Jennifer L. Etnier; Kuei-Hui Chan; Ping-Kun Chiu; Tsung-Ming Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. 2020. "Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Sports Medicine 50, no. 8: 1451-1467.
Brain Breaks videos are web-based structured physical activity (PA) videos that aim at stimulating an interest in learning and promoting health. Exercise is one of the important treatment regimens for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects that Brain Breaks videos have on the motives for PA, as measured by the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale-Malay (PALMS-M), and the amount of PA, as measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Malay (IPAQ-M), in T2DM patients (the most common type of diabetes mellitus patients). This study was conducted using a randomized, double-blind design and grouped subjects under two research conditions: an experimental group given Brain Breaks videos and a control group. Purposive sampling was employed to recruit 70 T2DM patients (male = 39, female = 31) with the mean age of 57.6 (SD = 8.5) from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. Over a four-month period, the participants in the experimental group were asked to perform PA daily based on a Brain Breaks video (10 min in duration) that was shared through a WhatsApp group. All participants from both groups answered the PALMS-M questionnaire five times: pre-intervention, the end of the first month, second month, and third month, and post-intervention. A repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance and a repeated measure analysis of variance were performed for the analyses of the data. The results demonstrated that four (appearance, others’ expectations, physical condition, and mastery) out of eight motives for PA produced a significant mean score difference between the two study groups. All eight motives for PA showed an upward trend for the experimental group during the study period, while the control group showed a downward trend for all motives during the study period. As for the amount of PA, both groups showed significant differences (p = 0.001). The amount of PA increased in the experimental group during the study period, while it decreased in the control group. Therefore, Brain Breaks videos can be considered as an effective intervention for motivating T2DM patients for PA and improving their amount of PA.
Aizuddin Hidrus; Yee Cheng Kueh; Bachok Norsaádah; Yu-Kai Chang; Tsung-Min Hung; Nyi Nyi Naing; Garry Kuan. Effects of Brain Breaks Videos on the Motives for the Physical Activity of Malaysians with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2507 .
AMA StyleAizuddin Hidrus, Yee Cheng Kueh, Bachok Norsaádah, Yu-Kai Chang, Tsung-Min Hung, Nyi Nyi Naing, Garry Kuan. Effects of Brain Breaks Videos on the Motives for the Physical Activity of Malaysians with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (7):2507.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAizuddin Hidrus; Yee Cheng Kueh; Bachok Norsaádah; Yu-Kai Chang; Tsung-Min Hung; Nyi Nyi Naing; Garry Kuan. 2020. "Effects of Brain Breaks Videos on the Motives for the Physical Activity of Malaysians with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2507.
Accumulating evidence suggests that exercise training is associated with improvements in brain health in older adults, yet the extant literature is insufficient in detailing why exercise training facilitates brain structure and function. Specifically, few studies have employed the FITT-VP principle (i.e., Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Volume, and Progression) to characterize the exercise exposure, thus research is yet to specify which characteristics of exercise training benefit brain outcomes. To determine whether exercise training is consequential to cognitive and brain outcomes, we conducted a systematic review investigating the effects of exercise training on brain structure and function in older adults. PubMed and Scopus were searched from inception to February 2020, and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. A total of 24 randomized controlled trials were included. This systematic review indicates that older adults involved in exercise training may derive general benefits to brain health, as reflected by intervention-induced changes in brain structure and function. However, such benefits are dependent upon the dose of the exercise intervention. Importantly, current evidence remains limited for applied exercise prescriptions (e.g., volume, progression) and future research is needed to clarify the effects of exercise training on cognitive and brain outcomes in older adults.
Feng-Tzu Chen; Rachel J. Hopman; Chung-Ju Huang; Chien-Heng Chu; Charles H. Hillman; Tsung-Min Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. The Effect of Exercise Training on Brain Structure and Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review Based on Evidence from Randomized Control Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 914 .
AMA StyleFeng-Tzu Chen, Rachel J. Hopman, Chung-Ju Huang, Chien-Heng Chu, Charles H. Hillman, Tsung-Min Hung, Yu-Kai Chang. The Effect of Exercise Training on Brain Structure and Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review Based on Evidence from Randomized Control Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (4):914.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng-Tzu Chen; Rachel J. Hopman; Chung-Ju Huang; Chien-Heng Chu; Charles H. Hillman; Tsung-Min Hung; Yu-Kai Chang. 2020. "The Effect of Exercise Training on Brain Structure and Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review Based on Evidence from Randomized Control Trials." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 914.