Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) substantially increases the risk of heart failure (HF) and worsens its prognosis. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), initially developed for glycemic control, have shown important cardiovascular benefits. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of SGLT2i on HF hospitalizations, cardiovascular (CV) death, and renal outcomes, as well as their safety profile, in patients with T2DM and established HF. Materials and Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SGLT2i with placebo in adults with T2DM and HF. Data on HF hospitalizations, CV death, other clinical outcomes, and adverse events were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB2 tool, and pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using RevMan 5.4.1. Results: Ten RCTs including more than 21,000 participants met the inclusion criteria. Most were large, international, double-blind trials with overall low risk of bias. SGLT2i reduced the composite of worsening HF or CV death by about 21% (pooled HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69–0.89), mainly driven by a consistent reduction in HF hospitalizations across trials. Effects on CV death alone were directionally favorable but not uniformly significant. Furthermore, SGLT2i were associated with beneficial effects on cardiac function and patient-reported health status and showed consistent renoprotective effects. The safety profile was favorable, with a small increase in genital infections and no excess of hypoglycemia or other serious adverse events. Conclusions: In patients with T2DM and HF, SGLT2i meaningfully reduce HF events and provide additional renal benefits with good tolerability. Our findings consolidate and update the current evidence by focusing specifically on RCTs enrolling patients with both T2DM and established HF across the spectrum of ejection fraction, thereby reinforcing the role of SGLT2i as a key component of guideline-directed therapy in this high-risk population.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of caffeine consumption and associated caffeine with drawal symptoms among medical and health science students. In addition, to assess associations of caffeine consumption and related symptoms with demographic, lifestyle, and behavioral factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that recruited 408 medical and health science students. Data included sociodemographic profile, lifestyle habits, anthropometric parameters, caffeinated drink consumption, and symptoms of withdrawal. Results: Caffeine usage was reported by 86.5%, and withdrawal was reported by 69.9% of the participants. Caffeine usage was more common in exercising individuals (94.0% vs. 76.6%, p < 0.001) and in individuals consuming an energy drink (91.2% vs. 80.0%, p-value = 0.001). Similarly, withdrawal was more common in individuals consuming an energy drink (82.4% vs. 65.4%, p-value = 0.001) and differed in exercising individuals (p < 0.001). No significant relationship was seen in terms of gender and body mass index. Conclusion: The prevalence of caffeine intake was high among medical and health science students and was also associated with symptoms of caffeine withdrawal. This indicated possible dependence on caffeine. Exercise status and energy drinks were important correlates of caffeine intake and caffeine withdrawal. Education is recommended as a strategy to promote healthy caffeine use and awareness of caffeine withdrawal symptoms.