With a human population of eight billion which is destined to exceed 11.4 Billion by 2100, soil degradation is a global issue which is a risk multiplier in aggravating food and nutritional insecurity. Soil is the foundation for all crop production and to scavenge food security in future. Normally, soil health is consider as a basic functionality test or indicator which has a direct contact with the environmental ecosystem. Soil carbon is a key player which augment the soil health that includes physical, chemical and biological properties. It's also a critical component of climate change offsets. Suitable measures should be adopted to trade the carbon upon soil and for soil sustainability. Incorporation of carbonaceous material like Biochar will definitely improves the status of fertility in soil and can mitigate adverse climate situation to agriculture system. Generally, the bichar are thermally stabilized one and becomes a final product called “char” which exist as an organic material for current system of practices and its fine nature is definitely helpful for both physical and chemical properties of the soil and sure it helps to maintain carbon stock in soil and sustainability of soil. Here, addition of biochar enhances soil organic carbon, availability of other nutrient and its mobilization pattern. Hence it acts as an organic source for improving carbon status to the soil and keeping soil healthier.

Recent decades have transformed Indian agriculture from traditional methods to a mechanized system reliant on fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and impacting global climate. Higher greenhouse gas levels, including carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone are likely, causing the observed rise in air temperatures and leading to significant climate shifts. In most subtropical regions, a 4°C rise in global temperatures is anticipated to reduce groundwater and surface water, heightening food demand and threatening global food security. Climate change denotes long-term, significant alterations in climate measurements. A production system that maintains the health of ecosystems, soils, and human populations is known as organic farming (IFOAM 2006). Organic farming is energy-efficient and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by minimizing chemical and fossil fuel use, while enhancing soil carbon, biodiversity and fertility. It reuses plant and animal waste to restore soil nutrients, relies on renewable resources and supports sustainable, low-pollution management. Organic farming not only helps to mitigate climate change but also provides lasting benefits as an adaptation strategy. Effective nutrient management and carbon sequestration in soils are crucial for adapting and mitigating climate change across diverse temperature zones and local conditions.

Intensive agriculture, while increasing food production, has caused second generation problems in respect of nutrient imbalance including greater mining of soil nutrients to the extent of 10 million tons every year depleting soil fertility, emerging deficiencies of secondary and micronutrients, decline of water table and its quality of water, decreasing organic carbon content, and overall deterioration in soil health. Indian soils not only show deficiency in both primary nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) but also of secondary nutrients (Sulphur, Calcium and Magnesium) and micronutrients (Boron, Zinc, Copper, and Iron etc.) (Ministry of Agriculture, 2015). Improved grain production to meet the food demand of an increasing population has been highly dependent on chemical fertilizer input based on the traditionally assumed notion of ‘high input, high output’, However, crop yield has not increased proportionally with growing fertiliser inputs in recent decades, resulting in low nutrient use efficiency and increased environmental concerns which results in overuse of fertilizers ignores the biological potential of roots or rhizosphere for efficient mobilization and acquisition of soil nutrient. The plant roots and rhizosphere interaction in the Rhizosphere region where plant releases exudates from roots which act as chemical signals. This involves in Nutrient cycling and nutrient transformation. The rhizosphere offers a potential solution to combat these deficiencies and improve soil fertility. Also signalling between plant and rhizosphere is very rich and complex micro biome diversity which they undergoes both interspecies and intraspecies signalling.

The living soil system plays a crucial role in sustainable agricultural production, with soil quality serving as a key indicator of environmental stability, food security, and economic viability. However, in recent years, soil health has been abruptly decreases due to unstable management practices and climatic challenges such as drought, salinity, and unpredictable weather patterns. To restore and maintain soil fertility for future food security, the use of natural soil organisms, particularly microbes, is essential. Soil microorganisms significantly contribute to nutrient mobilization, solubilization, and improved nutrient availability for plants. The rhizosphere, a dynamic zone around plant roots, is the hotspot of intense biological and biochemical interactions among microbes and plants, influencing soil biodiversity, disease suppression, and soil physicochemical properties. Microbes act as sensitive indicators of soil health due to their rapid response to environmental changes and their integral role in soil processes. Beneficial microorganisms like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) not only enhance crop productivity but also improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Additionally, microbial communities contribute to soil structural stability by forming aggregates, enhancing water retention, and facilitating organic matter dynamics. These plant-microbe interactions are vital for promoting crop growth, managing diseases, and achieving sustainable agriculture without harming ecosystem functions. Future research should focus on identifying effective microbial strains and understanding microbial metabolites that influence plant-soil interactions. This review highlights the crucial role of microorganisms in improving soil health and supports their potential application in advancing sustainable agricultural practices.

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the solubilization of soil P without external fertilizer application to rice ADT(R) 45 as test crop. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design with three factors and three replications. Four soil samples (low labile and non-labile P, low labile high non-labile P, high labile low non-labile P and high labile and non-labile P) were collected from PAJANCOA & RI, Karaikal Institute farm and tested under two moisture regimes (Continuous submergence and Alternate wetting and drying) and two levels of P solubilizers (Without and with Phosphobacteria). It was figured out that low and high non-labile P in rice plants resulted in taller plants with more tillers and high dry matter production(DMP),while soils with low labile and high non-labile P remained similar. The application of P-solubilizers like phosphobacteria with alternate wetting and drying led to higher number of filled grains/ panicle and higher grain yield, in soils with low labile and high non-labile P in comparison with continuous submergence. The study found that nutrient P availability, solubilization, absorption, and translocation within plants are a factor-driven phenomenon, affecting plant growth and yield. Soil with low labile and high non-labile P showed a higher response during early growth stages, while high labile and non-labile P showed equal responses at later stages. The study suggests that continuous P fertilization over and above crop demand alters nutrient availability, plant growth, and yield.