The medieval castle of San Salvador de Todea constitutes a remarkable paradigm for the rock castles of Galicia and the northwest of Spain, attending to its features but also to the destruction it was subjected. The hill where it stands was the object of various archaeological interventions led from 2016 to 2018, that identified the site as a medieval fortress and recovered part of its structures. Being one of few medieval castles of the 12th-15th centuries in Galicia subjected to consecutive interventions and actively studied. Although the excavations provided an important amount of information about the chronology, distribution, material culture and even diet of the inhabitants, the interpretation of the castle is really complex. The preserved remains correspond to the foundations of the structures, mainly a few walls and a high amount of carvings scattered over the hill. This paper gathers the results of the investigation developed to create a reconstructive hypothesis for the castle and its materialization in a digital model, as a way to interpret and understand its structure. To achieve this aim, we combined the analysis of the archaeological data and the geomorphology of the own hill, with the study of fortresses with similar disposition and chronology, and the appliance of architectonical rules, in a multidisciplinary study. In order to generate a reasonable, justified and scientific model of the castle, useful as an instrument to study and comprehend this type of construction. The resulting model shows the disposition, height and entity of the structures that conformed to the castle, the transit areas and indoor spaces, and provides new data to calculate the visibility and predominance of the construction over the landscape, among others. Finally, to ensure the rigour and scientific approach of the reconstruction, we utilised a scale of certainty level to show the results, along with photorealistic textures to recreate the probable aspect of the castle. Highlights: - Virtual reconstruction of a Late Medieval rock castle, from the archaeological remains recorded during the excavations of the site and the comparison with similar structures. - Overview of the reconstruction methodology, decision-making process and resulting constructive hypothesis, with a detailed description of the level of certainty of each part. - Multidisciplinary approach to achieve a scientific model that helps to understand the castle distribution and its importance on the control of the landscape.

En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión y comparación del registro arqueológico correspondiente a necrópolis y enterramientos de dos de los núcleos mejor estudiados de Gallaecia en el período de auge del priscilianismo: Lugo (Lucus Augusti) y Vigo. Nuestro objetivo en primer lugar es detectar semejanzas y diferencias en cuanto a la distribución, tipología y materialidad vinculada a estos enterramientos y establecer una primera síntesis de los comportamientos funerarios extrapolable al marco regional de Gallaecia entre los siglos IV y VI. Pero, además, esta base nos permitirá plantear algunas reflexiones sobre el papel de los enterramientos como marcadores de los profundos cambios sociales y mentales que operan en el noroeste peninsular durante este período.

Francisco Conde-Valvís’s so-called “stone treasure” is a set of unique carved stone pieces, such as bases, column shafts, a mortar, and decorated fragments (trisqueles and rosettes), found during the 2018 excavation campaign in the Cibdá de Armea (Allariz, Ourense). They had been piled up and re-buried—no records existed as to where—at the western end of the Finca de A Atalaia, which was excavated in the 1950s under the direction of Conde-Valvís and began to be excavated again in 2011. The thorough review of the graphic and textual material available from the old excavations allowed us to determine the original archaeological context of the pieces. Most of these elements belonged to the atria of the so-called “Domus of Hexasquel” (North house) and “Domus of the Rosette” (South house). Once we established the origin of all the elements, especially with the aid of the old photographs, it was decided to reintegrate them into the site, to increase the educational and interpretive value of Armea, instead of burying them indefinitely in the warehouses of a museum.

Although the collection of fossils by humans is known from the Palaeolithic, the occurrence of trilobite remains in archaeological contexts is particularly rare worldwide, previously documented by specimens from sites in Western Europe, North America, South Africa and Australia. This article reports the discovery of an eleventh known trilobite found in an archaeological context, from a Roman settlement dating from the 1st–3rd centuries CE, excavated in north-western Spain (A Cibdá of Armea near the city of Ourense). The specimen represents the first confirmed trilobite from Roman times and is the third trilobite in the global archaeological record to have been collected and used by people over a thousand years ago. Its palaeontological and preservational characteristics enable us to pinpoint its probable origin to Middle Ordovician shale outcrops in south-central Iberia, over 430 km from the Roman excavation site where it was found. The modifications observed on the underside of the specimen, which exhibits up to seven artificial wear facets to flatten and shape the fossil, are interpreted as indicating its possible use within a pendant or bracelet, likely serving as an amulet with magical or protective properties.

The Romans were among the first societies to extensively exploit fish resources, establishing large-scale salting and preservation plants where small pelagic fish were fermented to produce sauces such as garum . Here, the authors demonstrate that, despite being crushed and exposed to acidic conditions, usable DNA can be recovered from ichthyological residues at the bottom of fish-salting vats. At third-century AD Adro Vello (O Grove), Galicia, they confirm the use of European sardines ( Sardina pilchardus ) and move beyond morphology to explore population range and admixture and reveal the potential of this overlooked archaeological resource.