Bone-related diseases seriously affect the lives of patients and carry a heavy economic burden on society. Treatment methods cannot meet the diverse clinical needs of affected patients. Exosomes participate in the occurrence and development of many diseases through intercellular communication, including bone-related diseases. Studies have shown that exosomes can take-up and “package” non-coding RNAs and “deliver” them to recipient cells, thereby regulating the function of recipient cells. The exosomal non-coding RNAs secreted by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and other cells are involved in the regulation of bone-related diseases by inhibiting osteoclasts, enhancing chondrocyte activity and promoting angiogenesis. Here, we summarize the role and therapeutic potential of exosomal non-coding RNAs in the bone-related diseases osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone-fracture healing, and discuss the clinical application of exosomes in patients with bone-related diseases.

Objective: Popliteal artery injury is a rare but serious complication of arthroscopic knee surgery. The absence of comprehensive data and standardized guidelines underscores the urgent need for further investigation. This study examines the incidence, risk factors, management strategies, and long‐term outcomes of popliteal artery injury in the context of arthroscopic knee procedures.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from 21 medical institutions in Hunan Province, China, from January 2018 to December 2022. We identified patients who underwent arthroscopic knee surgery and complained of postsurgical popliteal artery injury. Patients were followed up for 43.1 ± 13.23 months (ranging from 22 to 58 months). The primary outcome was joint function, which was evaluated by a postoperative range of motion (ROM), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Lysholm knee scores, and Visual Vascular Quality of Life Questionnaire (VascuQoL) scores. These data from different postoperative periods were compared via paired t‐test to assess postoperative recovery. The secondary outcome was vascular patency of the affected limb, which was evaluated through vascular color Doppler ultrasound.Results: Among the 17,000 knee arthroscopic procedures analyzed, 10 patients were identified with popliteal artery injury (0.059%). The surgeries performed included arthroscopic cystectomy for popliteal cysts, cruciate ligament reconstruction, and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus repair. Treatments for popliteal artery injury included percutaneous intravascular stent implantation (one patient), direct suture repair (four patients), allograft vascular transplantation (one patient), and reconstruction with an autogenous greater saphenous vein (four patients). After a mean follow‐up time of 43.1 ± 13.23 months (ranging from 22 to 58 months), no complications were reported. Compared with patients at 1 month after surgery, patients at 2 years after surgery presented improved knee function and ROM. The average Lysholm score increased significantly from 13.8 ± 4.21 to 68.2 ± 15.50, the IKDC score increased from 11.6 ± 2.46 to 48.1 ± 11.75, and the VascuQoL score improved from 54.8 ± 9.54 to 92.5 ± 15.90. Knee extension improved from 13.3° ± 2.36° to 3.5° ± 4.12°, and knee flexion increased from 49.5° ± 12.57° to 107° ± 21.63°. All patients successfully resumed daily activities postoperatively.Conclusion: Popliteal artery injury is a catastrophic complication that warrants significant attention during knee arthroscopy. This injury can occur in various types of arthroscopic knee procedures. Prompt diagnosis and effective intervention are crucial for minimizing the potential detriment associated with popliteal artery injury.

The high incidence of skin wounds (e.g., burns, diabetic ulcers, venous ulcers, pressure sores, and radiation injuries) remains a significant challenge in clinical settings. Dressing materials, infused with bioactive components, are essential and extensively utilized in specific circumstances. According to traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic regimens, powders made of the flesh/shells of Balanus albicostatus were used to treat sores due to their ability to alleviate inflammatory responses. Nevertheless, information is scarce regarding the effective components and the pharmacological mechanisms involved. In this work, purified Balanus albicostatus cement protein 19k (Balcp19k) was obtained as a single-component material via an E. coli-based heterologous expression system. It had the potential to promote fibroblast proliferation and migration, which were crucial for wound healing. Immunofluorescence revealed that Balcp19k treatment promoted M2 macrophage transformation in wound tissues. Correspondingly, the expression of inflammation-related genes (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, histological examination indicated that this treatment accelerated skin-wound healing by promoting collagen fiber deposition and angiogenesis, and restraining inflammatory cell infiltration in the full-thickness skin of mice. In conclusion, Balcp19k is a biocompatible, effective constituent found in Balanus albicostatus. This bioactive protein could be novel therapeutic material for wound healing, with ability to regulate fibroblast migration, alleviate early-stage inflammatory responses, and enhance collagen fiber deposition and angiogenesis.

At present, FeMn-based degradable alloys prepared by direct sintering generally face the problems of Mn volatilization, difficult densification, and poor mechanical properties. In this work, a Fe-35Mn-0.5C alloy with low Mn volatility, high density, and favorable mechanical properties is fabricated by the metal injection molding (MIM) process. The effects of sintering pressure and minor carbon addition on microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The corresponding mechanical deformation mechanism was discussed. The results show that a significant reduction in the proportion of Mn volatilization to less than 0.5% and higher relative density of 97 ± 0.30% are achieved in the MIM-treated Fe-35Mn-0.5C alloy by pressurized sintering at 5 atm and 0.5 wt.% carbon addition. The optimized tensile properties are attained, with an ultimate tensile strength of 772 MPa, yield strength of 290 MPa, and elongation of 35% at room temperature, which meets the mechanical needs of metallic materials for biologically implantable medical devices.

Background: Right-sided aortic arch with Kommerell diverticulum (RAA-KD) has complex three-dimensional anatomy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed computed tomography angiography data from 65 adults with RAA-KD using centerline-based reconstruction. Patients were stratified by conventional maximal KD diameter (D_KDmax) into <55 mm (n = 38) and ≥55 mm (n = 27) groups. Age associations, adjusted group differences, and continuous associations with centerline-derived KD diameter at maximal cross-sectional area (D₁₀) were examined. Results: After sex adjustment and false-discovery-rate correction, all aortic diameters increased with age; the ascending aorta, arch, and descending thoracic aorta also elongated, whereas aortic isthmus (L₄) and KD (L₅) lengths were not age-associated. After age and sex adjustment and false-discovery-rate correction, diameters of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending thoracic aorta (D₂–D₈), as well as KD-related diameters (D₉–D₁₂), remained larger in the ≥55 mm group; L4 was shorter and L5 longer. In continuous models, D₁₀ was positively associated with all non-KD diameters, most strongly with the adjacent proximal descending aorta (D₇), and independently associated with shorter L₄ (B = −0.548; 95% CI, −0.828 to −0.268) and longer L₅ (B = 0.639; 95% CI, 0.412–0.866; both p < 0.001). Conclusions: RAA-KD demonstrates generalized age-associated thoracic aortic enlargement and localized KD-associated remodeling. Comprehensive three-dimensional assessment may inform evaluation of the adjacent aorta and proximal sealing zone for thoracic endovascular aortic repair.