Phenazine natural products are a class of colored nitrogen-containing heterocycles produced by various microorganisms mainly originating from marine and terrestrial sources. The tricyclic ring molecules show various chemical structures and the decorating groups dedicate extensive pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal. These secondary metabolites provide natural materials for screening and developing medicinal compounds in the field of medicine and agriculture due to biological activities. The review presents a systematic summary of the literature on natural phenazines in the past decade, including over 150 compounds, such as hydroxylated, O-methylated, N-methylated, N-oxide, terpenoid, halogenated, glycosylated phenazines, saphenic acid derivatives, and other phenazine derivatives, along with their characterized antimicrobial and anticancer activities. This review may provide guidance for the investigation of phenazines in the future.

This study examines the impact of interlocking directorate networks on the ESG performance of listed companies in China, offering insights into the role of informal institutions in shaping sustainable business practices. Employing social network analysis and multiple regression methods, the results demonstrate that firms embedded in stronger interlocking directorate networks exhibit significantly superior ESG performance. Mechanism analysis identifies absorptive capacity as a key mediator, suggesting that network position improves ESG outcomes by enhancing a firm’s ability to assimilate and apply external knowledge. Furthermore, heterogeneity tests indicate that this positive effect is notably stronger among non-state-owned enterprises and firms where directors lack prior green experience. These findings have valuable implications for enterprises seeking to cultivate ESG competitive advantages in the era of network relationships.