Background/Objectives: Incarcerated people experience high rates of trauma, psychological distress, and social marginalization. Yoga has been introduced in prisons as a trauma-sensitive mind–body practice, yet its rehabilitative contribution remains uncertain. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the feasibility and effectiveness of yoga interventions delivered in correctional settings. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines and a preregistered PROSPERO protocol, we searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus for peer-reviewed publications from May 2012 to November 2025. Eligible studies involved structured yoga interventions for incarcerated populations and reported psychological, behavioral, or institutional outcomes. Two reviewers independently performed screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal using the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Results: Ten studies reported in twelve publications and involving 1815 incarcerated individuals met the inclusion criteria. Interventions included Hatha-based protocols, Krimyoga, trauma-informed approaches, and multicomponent programs. Across randomized, quasi-experimental, and pre–post designs, yoga was feasible and acceptable. Reported benefits included reduced psychological distress, negative affect, anger, and trauma-related symptoms, as well as improved mood, self-regulation, and mindfulness. Evidence specific to women and girls was limited, but the available trauma-informed and gender-responsive studies suggested potential reductions in post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety, alongside increases in self-compassion. One large quasi-experimental cohort found lower reincarceration rates among yoga participants, although institutional outcomes were otherwise limited. Evidence was constrained by small samples, heterogeneous intervention formats, short follow-up, and variable outcome measures. Conclusions: Yoga appears to be a promising adjunct to rehabilitation in correctional settings. However, methodological limitations prevent firm conclusions. Larger, well-controlled studies with standardized outcomes and longer follow-up are needed to clarify effectiveness and support integration into correctional health and rehabilitation policy.

Introduction: Metatarsalgia and plantar fasciitis are common causes of plantar foot pain that can substantially impair function and quality of life. While conservative management is recommended for both conditions, evidence supporting electroacupuncture (EA), particularly for metatarsalgia, remains limited. This case report describes a modified EA technique combining acupuncture needles with adhesive surface electrodes to improve treatment tolerability while maintaining electrical stimulation of the symptomatic region. Case presentation: A 55-year-old woman presented with persistent bilateral plantar foot pain, clinically diagnosed as left metatarsalgia and right plantar fasciitis. Previous treatment with extracorporeal shockwave therapy and transfer of energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy failed to improve symptoms. A course of electroacupuncture was initiated. Following poor tolerance of plantar needling, the protocol was modified by replacing plantar needle electrodes with adhesive surface electrodes and changing stimulation from alternating 2/100 Hz to continuous 100 Hz. Results: By the final session, pain on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) had fallen from 8/10 to 1/10 (left) and 7/10 to 3/10 (right), with immediate post-treatment pain completely abolished in both feet. Patient-Specific Functional Scale scores improved from 2–3/10 at baseline to 8/10 after treatment and were maintained at three-week follow-up. The left foot remained pain-free at follow-up, whereas the right foot demonstrated mild activity-related pain associated with occupational loading. Conclusions: This case suggests that needle–surface EA may represent a feasible and well-tolerated clinical adaptation for patients with plantar foot pain who poorly tolerate repeated plantar needling. Although treatment efficacy cannot be inferred from a single case, the technique warrants further investigation in controlled clinical studies.

Background: Percutaneous neuromodulation and percutaneous electrolysis are increasingly used in physiotherapy for the management of musculoskeletal conditions. However, substantial variability exists in their clinical application, including differences in indications, technical parameters, safety procedures, and integration within multimodal care. Currently, no unified, evidence-informed framework defines best practice for these interventions. Methods: This protocol describes an evidence-informed modified Delphi study, registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF; registration number: osf.io/tkrn4), aiming to establish international consensus on the clinical application of percutaneous neuromodulation and percutaneous electrolysis. The study will be conducted in accordance with CREDES recommendations. Two parallel Delphi processes will be undertaken, with international experts in each field participating in 3–4 online rounds. An initial item set will be developed through a targeted literature review and internal expert input, and rated using a Likert-type scale with controlled feedback between rounds. Consensus for inclusion will be predefined using percentage agreement and median thresholds. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been granted by the CEIC Aragón (CEICA), Zaragoza, Spain (reference: PI26/238, 20 May 2026). The study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and relevant professional channels. Discussion: This study is expected to provide structured, consensus-based recommendations to support consistency, safety, and evidence-informed clinical practice in invasive physiotherapy, and to guide future research and educational initiatives.

Background: Dry needling is increasingly used in physiotherapy, yet substantial variation exists in training duration, curriculum content, competency expectations, and regulatory approaches across countries. No unified European framework currently defines minimum educational and competency standards for dry needling practice. Methods: This protocol describes a modified Delphi study aiming to establish European consensus on minimum training standards and clinician-level competencies for dry needling in physiotherapy. An international expert panel of clinicians, educators, and researchers (approximately 25–35 experts) will participate in 2–4 online rounds. An evidence-informed initial item set will be rated using a 5-point Likert scale, with controlled feedback between rounds. Consensus will be defined as ≥70% agreement in Round 1 and ≥75% in subsequent rounds. The study will be conducted in accordance with CREDES recommendations and was preregistered on the Open Science Framework (OSF Registries, DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/32TAZ). Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained from the CEIC Aragón (CEICA; Ethics: PI26/237). The study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and relevant professional channels. Discussion: This study is expected to provide a structured consensus-based framework to support greater consistency, safety, and harmonisation in dry needling education and practice across Europe.