Volatile substance abuse is widespread among adolescents due to its easy availability and methods of consumption. Inhalant abuse represents a current problematic issue, causing significant morbidity and mortality due to direct toxicity on several target organs and displacement of gas which results in a lack of oxygen. This review aims to evaluate post-mortem and toxicological investigations in cases of suspected butane intoxication. We performed comprehensive research using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) standards. Forty scientific papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 58 cases of butane-related deaths were found. Among these, we found 11 cases of suicide (18%), 1 case of homicide (2%), 44 cases of accidental poisoning (76%), and 2 cases of work-related deaths (4%). Autopsy and post-mortem examinations were performed in 54 cases, whereas toxicological analyses were presented in 56 cases. In autopsy, pulmonary edema (51%) and poli-visceral congestion (59%) were the most common findings. When death by butane inhalation is hypothesized, autopsy and histological findings may be nonspecific, therefore toxicological investigations assume a crucial role along with attention to the methods used to collect biological samples.

Background: Endometriosis is associated with infertility and impaired assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes, potentially due to an altered follicular microenvironment characterized by chronic inflammation. This study investigates the systemic and local inflammatory profiles in women with endometriosis and assesses their impact on oocyte and embryo quality using both static and dynamic embryo evaluation. Methods: A prospective, monocentric observational study enrolled 47 women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation for ART, including 29 with laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and 18 controls with tubal or male-factor infertility. Serum and follicular fluid cytokines (TGF-β1, NF-κB, IL-10, HIF-1α) were quantified. A sub-study analyzed embryo quality and development in 36 patients subdivided into static morphological assessment and dynamic time-lapse monitoring cohorts. Results: Endometriosis patients exhibited significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1, NF-κB) and reduced anti-inflammatory IL-10 in serum, alongside decreased NF-κB in follicular fluid. These alterations correlated with diminished ovarian reserve, reduced oocyte yield, and lower fertilization rates. Embryos from endometriosis patients showed increased multinucleation and persistent fragmentation, features more sensitively detected via dynamic time-lapse imaging. Clinical pregnancy rates were significantly lower in the endometriosis group. Conclusions: Endometriosis induces a dysregulated inflammatory follicular milieu that adversely affects oocyte competence and embryo morphodynamics. Dynamic embryo assessment provides enhanced detection of subtle developmental abnormalities. Integration of immunomodulatory strategies and advanced embryo monitoring may improve ART success in this population.