In this work, the maximum stresses, which are developed in the crucial toe section of spur gears being in contact and subjected to loading at the Highest Point of Single Tooth Contact (HPSTC), are numerically and experimentally studied. The results indicate that the deviation between the methods considered increase with increasing number of teeth of the gear, while the teeth number of the pinion remains constant. In addition it is shown that the deviations remain within acceptable limits.

Destructive testing evaluates material strength but prohibits repeated measurements on the same specimen. Finite element simulations, such as those using ANSYS Mechanical, provide a cost-effective alternative by delivering deterministic solutions under defined conditions. To incorporate input variability, the Monte Carlo method applies assigned probability distributions to parameters like magnitude and angle of the applied force and geometric tolerances of the specimen. Thus, input variability yields distributions for output such as stress and deformation, enabling uncertainty quantification. In this study, an example of static force on a concrete cube was modeled in ANSYS, and uncertainty was propagated using the Monte Carlo method, as described in JCGM 101:2008. This approach enables the identification of critical factors affecting the outcome and provides confidence intervals that might be used as decision rules to support comparisons of numerical simulations with experimental data and of results of different models and to calculate the limits of quality control charts of a testing laboratory.

This study investigates the correlation between strains obtained from the image-based technique GeoPIV and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors’ measurements in Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) systems, using scaled physical modeling in a geotechnical centrifuge. FBG sensors provide high-resolution, localized strain data along reinforcements, while GeoPIV offers full-field visualization of soil deformation. By calibrating GeoPIV outputs to microstrains, the complementary strengths of the two approaches are highlighted. In addition, the centrifuge setup reproduces realistic stress conditions, enhancing experimental reliability. The combined use of these methods not only improves understanding and monitoring of MSE behavior but also demonstrates strong potential for broader application in other laboratory-scale studies.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ballistic impact response of square clamped fiber-metal laminates and monolithic plates consisting of different metal alloys using the ANSYS LS-DYNA explicit nonlinear analysis software. The panels are subjected to central normal high velocity ballistic impact by a cylindrical projectile. Design/methodology/approach: Using validated finite element models, the influence of the constituent metal alloy on the ballistic resistance of the fiber-metal laminates and the monolithic plates is studied. Six steel alloys are examined, namely, 304 stainless steel, 1010, 1080, 4340, A36 steel and DP 590 dual phase steel. A comparison with the response of GLAss REinforced plates is also implemented. Findings: It is found that the ballistic limits of the panels can be substantially affected by the constituent alloy. The stainless steel based panels offer the highest ballistic resistance followed by the A36 steel based panels which in turn have higher ballistic resistance than the 2024-T3 aluminum based panels. The A36 steel based panels have higher ballistic limit than the 1010 steel based panels which in turn have higher ballistic limit than the 1080 steel based panels. The behavior of characteristic impact variables such as the impact load, the absorbed impact energy and the projectile’s displacement during the ballistic impact phenomenon is analyzed. Originality/value: The ballistic resistance of the aforementioned steel fiber-metal laminates has not been studied previously. This study contributes to the scientific knowledge concerning the impact response of steel-based fiber-metal laminates and to the construction of impact resistant structures.