Docetaxel (DTX) and betulinic acid (BA) co-encapsulated poly-lactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed for enhanced lung cancer activity in vitro. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was used as an encapsulating polymer along with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizing base to formulate NPs with the double-emulsion solvent evaporation method to study the size and potential, along with the surface morphology and in vitro release, of NPs. Cell culture studies like in vitro cellular uptake, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest were performed in an in vitro cytotoxicity study to access the NP’s effect in the A549 human lung cancer cell line. The emulsification solvent evaporation technique produced smooth spherical nanoparticles of small sizes with a relatively narrow size distribution (147.2 ± 12.29 nm). On the A549 cell line, the formulation showed higher cytotoxicity (6.43 ± 0.11, 4.21 ± 0.32, and 1.17 ± 0.23 µmol for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively) compared to the free drug due to an increase in vitro cellular uptake. Apoptosis and cell cycle analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of the prepared NPs. In vitro studies have proven the tumor-targeting potential of DTX-BA-NPs in A549 cell lines and could be future medication for lung cancer treatment.

: This review seeks to assess the potential of nanomaterials, specifically Nano-structured Lipid Carriers (NLCs), in mitigating challenges associated with inflammation-related disorders, with a particular emphasis on chronic ailments like arthritis. A comprehensive literature review spanning Web of Science, PubMed, and other scholarly repositories from 2000 to 2023 is conducted. Articles are selected based on their focus on NLCs and inflammation management, utilizing keywords, such as "nanomaterials," "targeted drug delivery," and "arthritis." Exclusion criteria involve non-English studies or those lacking adequate detail on NLCs. Synthesized data provide an overview of the advantages, challenges, and prospects of NLCs in addressing chronic inflammatory disorders. This review also examines the therapeutic applications of nanotechnology, including targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering, particularly focusing on the intricate biological responses in chronic inflammation, often involving Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Moreover, the exploration extends to topical delivery methods to enhance control over medication concentration, with a review of lipid nanoparticles, such as liposomes and solid-lipid nanoparticles, highlighting their potential in augmenting drug permeation while addressing challenges like inadequate drug loading. : NLCs have emerged as promising candidates for overcoming drug delivery challenges, particularly in arthritis treatment, with a focus on their advantages across diverse lipid compositions. The review underscores significant strides in inflammation management through NLC utilization, offering insights into future research directions. : Moreover, it contributes to ongoing advancements in nanomedicine, emphasizing the pivotal role of NLCs in developing innovative therapeutic approaches for inflammation-related disorders, particularly arthritis. NLCs represent a promising avenue for effective interventions, signaling progress in nanotechnology-enabled therapeutics.

Introduction: Aquasome is a self-assembled nanoparticulate carrier system with three layers. The system is made up of a polyhydroxy oligomer-coated inner nanocrystalline solid core. Adsorbed on the coated layer are drug molecules or biochemically active compounds. Self-assembly in this sense refers to the independent formation of molecules into organised, long-lasting, and non-covalently bonded patterns.This paper gives an overview of aquasome formation, covering structural properties, formulation methodologies, and the benefits and drawbacks of this novel drug delivery technology. The article primarily addresses the formulation processes used to create self-assembled nanostructures and their various possible applications. Method: Several online databases, including Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus, were used in the literature search. The datasets were searched for entries of studies up to July, 2023. The review paper especially addresses many elements of aquasome formation by various researchers employing methods/modified techniques such as co-precipitation, self-precipitation, sputtering, and and so forth. It also illustrates a variety of fields of therapy in which aquasome has been recognised to have a major influence, such as oxygen and extract carrier. Results: The solid core is responsible for providing structural stability, while the oligomeric coating is crucial for safeguarding against dehydration and stabilising the bioactive molecules. This biodegradable drug delivery vehicle at the nanoscale level exhibits a tendency to accumulate in the liver and muscles. The non-modification of drug adsorption onto the aquasome surface facilitates prompt pharmacological response by allowing unobstructed receptor recognition at the action site. Conclusions: Aquasome, a three-layered self-assembled molecule, is a simple yet new drug delivery system with promising carrier potentials to increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Despite a host of challenges, such as time consumption, sophisticated processes, safety, and expensive research costs, aquasome may emerge as an alternative vesicular carrier in the future.