Background: Pediatric maxillofacial trauma remains a globally underrecognized but clinically significant public health issue. Trauma mechanisms vary by age and region, complicating prevention and treatment strategies. Objective: To systematically evaluate the frequency and etiology of maxillofacial trauma in children and adolescents, including the proportion of injuries attributed to falls, RTAs, violence, sports, and domestic abuse. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 were identified using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies included children and adolescents (0–18 years) with maxillofacial trauma, with data on etiology and injury frequency. Results: Fifteen studies (meta-analyses, retrospective reviews, and systematic reviews) were included. Falls (35–55%) and RTAs (25–50%) were the most common causes of facial trauma. Domestic violence, particularly in adolescents, emerged as a critical but underreported etiology. Geographic disparities and socioeconomic factors heavily influenced trauma profiles. Conclusion: Pediatric maxillofacial trauma is largely preventable. Identifying vulnerable subgroups and understanding regional patterns are essential for designing targeted interventions. There is a need for standardized, prospective multicenter studies to support global policy recommendations.

(1) Background: Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory condition with potential systemic manifestations. This study examined the association between PD and selected blood biomarkers—white blood cell (WBC) count, serum albumin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)—using nationally representative data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). (2) Methods: Cross sectional data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Periodontitis was defined per CDC/AAP. Three weighted multivariable logistic regression models determined the association between blood benzene levels and periodontal severity, adjusting for potential confounders. Among 4669 participants, 37.2% had PD (3) Results: In multivariable-adjusted models, individuals with higher white blood cell counts (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04–1.11; p < 0.001) and higher MCHC values (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.06–1.22; p < 0.001) exhibited greater odds of periodontal disease, whereas lower serum albumin levels were independently associated with PD (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62–0.93; p = 0.011), after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral covariates. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest a statistical association between PD and systemic hematologic alterations in U.S. adults. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, causal relationships cannot be inferred, and further longitudinal studies are needed to understand the mechanisms between PD and blood biomarkers.

Background: Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory condition linked to systemic immunologic and metabolic alterations. This study evaluated associations between PD and three routinely measured blood biomarkers—white blood cell (WBC) count, serum albumin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)—using data from 4669 adults aged ≥30 years in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: PD was defined dichotomously according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) surveillance criteria. All analyses incorporated NHANES sampling weights, strata, and primary sampling units. Weighted descriptive statistics compared characteristics by PD status. Stepwise survey-weighted logistic regression examined associations between biomarkers and PD, adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related confounders. Restricted cubic splines assessed nonlinearity, and biomarker effects were additionally scaled per standard deviation (SD). Results: Higher WBC counts (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04–1.11) and higher MCHC values (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.06–1.22) were positively associated with PD, whereas serum albumin showed an inverse association (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62–0.93). Spline models demonstrated significant nonlinear components for all biomarkers, and SD-scaled estimates confirmed consistent gradients. Conclusions: These findings support links between periodontal inflammation and systemic hematologic alterations. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify underlying mechanisms.