Animals with recent shared ancestry frequently adapt in parallel to new but similar habitats, a process often underlined by repeated selection of the same genes. Yet, in contrast, few examples have demonstrated the significance of gene reuse in colonization of multiple disparate habitats. By analyzing 343 genomes of the widespread Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, we showed that multiple peripheral subspecies radiated from a central ancestral population and adapted independently to diverse habitats. We found strong evidence of gene reuse in the Leucokinin receptor (Lkr), which was repeatedly selected in almost all peripheral subspecies. Differential expression and RNA interference knockdown revealed the role of Lkr in influencing foraging labor division, suggesting that Lkr facilitates collective tendency for pollen/nectar collection as an adaptation to floral changes. Our results suggest that honeybees may accommodate diverse floral shifts during rapid radiation through fine-tuning individual foraging tendency, a seemingly complex process accomplished by gene reuse.

The abilities to survive winter and to adapt to major food changes are key traits that have enabled successful range expansion of the honey bees from the tropic to temperate climate. Our results highlighted a new possibility that gut bacteria may have played an important role in host survival of the severe winter condition.

Honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly (RJ) has a long history in human medicine because of its health-protecting properties. To develop a fundamental and comprehensive understanding of lipids in RJ, this article reviews the available literature on lipid compounds identified from RJ extracts and in vitro pharmacological effects of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid in RJ and other closely related compounds, some of which are also identified as lipid compounds in RJ. Overall, the lipids in RJ are composed of mostly (aliphatic) fatty acids, almost all of which are present as free fatty acids and scarcely any as esters. Most fatty acids in RJ are medium-chain fatty acids, whether hydroxylated in terminal and/or internal positions, terminated with mono- or dicarboxylic acid groups, and saturated or monounsaturated at the 2-position. Besides these fatty acids, lipids in RJ contain sterols in minor amounts. Lipids in RJ are useful as preventive and supportive medicines with functionalities that include potential inhibitors of cancer growth, immune system modulators, alternative therapies for menopause, skin-aging protectors, neurogenesis inducers, and more. Taken together, the evidence suggests that health-protecting properties of RJ can be, in part, ascribed to actions of lipids in RJ.

Background: Cooperation of constituents of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) with chaperone proteins in degrading proteins mediate a wide range of cellular processes, such as synaptic function and neurotransmission, gene transcription, protein trafficking, mitochondrial function and metabolism, antioxidant defence mechanisms, and apoptotic signal transduction. It is supposed that constituents of the UPS and chaperone proteins are recruited into aggresomes where aberrant and potentially cytotoxic proteins may be sequestered in an inactive form.Results: To determinate the proteomic pattern of synthetic proteasome inhibitor (PSI)-induced inclusions in PC12 cells after proteasome inhibition by PSI, we analyzed a fraction of PSI-induced inclusions. A proteomic feature of the isolated fraction was characterized by identification of fifty six proteins including twenty previously reported protein components of Lewy bodies, twenty eight newly identified proteins and eight unknown proteins. These proteins, most of which were recognized as a profile of proteins within cellular processes mediated by the UPS, a profile of constituents of the UPS and a profile of chaperone proteins, are classed into at least nine accepted categories. In addition, prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta polypeptide, an endoplasmic reticulum member of the protein disulfide isomerase family, was validated in the developmental process of PSI-induced inclusions in the cells.Conclusions: It is speculated that proteomic characterization of an isolated fraction of PSI-induced inclusions in PC12 cells might offer clues to appearance of aggresomes serving as a cellular defensive response against proteasome inhibition.

In recent years, there has been a massive loss of bee colonies in the Russian Federation, which is caused, among other things, by the appearance of a new disease, Tropilopsis. Previously, it was believed that a mite of the genus Tropilaelaps could not infect bee colonies in Eurasia, but in 2021, an infestation of bee colonies Tropilelaps mercedesae was discovered in the Krasnodar Region of the Russian Federation. The aim of the research is to study the features of the infestation of bee colonies by a mite of the genus Tropilelaps in Russia. In 2022–2024 studies were conducted in the Krasnodar Region, the morphometric characteristics of ticks were studied, and a comparison was made with mites from other populations: the Republics of Dagestan and Abkhazia, Georgia, China, and India (n = 200). A comparative analysis of diagnostic methods was carried out with the identification of reliable (n = 10). For comparative diagnosis, the following methods were used: visual, alcohol flushing, brood uncapping, natural mortality. It was revealed that more than 35 % of the infection rate is recorded in bee colonies from July to October, no mite was detected in the brood from February to April, and the number of mites in one cell varies throughout the year. An effective way to diagnose the infestation of bee colonies by a tick has been identified – uncapping of sealed brood, which makes it possible to diagnose the lesion of bee colonies at an early stage. The visual assessment method makes it possible to diagnose the disease when the brood is affected by more than 30 %. Mites from the Krasnodar Region differ in the size of the dorsal shield from other populations studied, their length-to-width ratio is on average less than 10 % compared with mites from Georgia, the Republic of Abkhazia, China and India. In order to identify the formation of individual populations adapted to certain natural and climatic conditions the further study of the Tropilelaps mercedesae mite is necessary.

Glycolysis plays a crucial role in neuronal homeostasis and is regulated by neuroendocrine signals, particularly dopamine, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Metabolomics showed that bromocriptine (BRC), a dopamine receptor agonist, increased glycolytic flux in forager bees, as indicated by higher glucose levels, accumulation of glycolytic intermediates, and reduced pentose-phosphate pathway metabolites. Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq further indicated that acetylcholine (ACh) released by Kenyon cells may mediate dopamine-regulated glycolysis in surface glia (SG). We also observed coordinated insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) between cortex glia (CG) and SG. Mechanistically, co-administration of a nicotinic ACh receptor agonist with BRC attenuated the BRC-induced upregulation of SLC2A1, HK, and IGF transcripts, consistent with the proposed pathway. Together, these findings are consistent with a dual regulatory scheme in which a dopamine-ACh axis operates in concert with IIS to shape glial metabolic plasticity with cell-type specificity.