Research has identified self-concept clarity as a critical psychological resource; however, its mechanisms in mitigating artificial intelligence (AI) anxiety remain underexplored. This study employed a cross-sectional survey of 2176 graduate students (1584 females; M_age = 23.60, SD = 2.03) to build a moderated chain mediation model that examines the mediating role of intentional self-regulation and perceived stress, as well as the moderating role of intolerance of uncertainty. Self-concept clarity was negatively correlated with AI anxiety, perceived stress, and intolerance of uncertainty, and positively correlated with intentional self-regulation. Mediation analyses showed that self-concept clarity predicted lower AI anxiety through both independent and chain mediation effects of intentional self-regulation and perceived stress. Moreover, intolerance of uncertainty moderated the links of self-concept clarity, intentional self-regulation, and perceived stress with AI anxiety. These findings highlight the importance and key explanatory mechanisms of self-concept clarity in mitigating AI anxiety among adults, elucidating that the cultivation of self-concept clarity and acceptance of uncertainty should be a crucial target for prevention and intervention strategies.