Background/Objectives: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are major chronic conditions that markedly affect patients’ health and quality of life worldwide. With the rapid development of technology, there has been a growing interest in exploring the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the management of such diseases. This study aims to assess the accuracy and reliability of artificial intelligence tools in providing information for diabetes mellitus and hypertension management. Methods: This study assessed the accuracy and reliability of the information provided by major AI tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, POE, Claude, Consensus, and Perplexity. Twenty questions that are essential for the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension were constructed based on the chapters of the respective guidelines and were fed to the AI tools. The outcomes were compared with evidence-based treatment guidelines, such as those from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the American Heart Association (AHA), the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Answers were classified into “accurate “, “inaccurate”, and “accurate with missing information”. Three rounds of six-week intervals were conducted to assess accuracy and reliability. In addition, they were conducted to evaluate data updates by comparing answers across the rounds. Results: In round one of the evaluations, ChatGPT and Poe showed the highest accuracy, both at 65% (95% CI: 41.0–83.7), followed by Claude at 60% (95% CI: 41.0–83.7). ChatGPT had the lowest inaccuracy rate at 5% (95% CI: 1.75–33.1), while Claude demonstrated the smallest percentage of responses with missing information at only 6%. (95% CI: 12.8–54.3). In round 2, Claude markedly outperformed all other tools, achieving an accuracy rate of 95% (95% CI: 73.0–99.7) and no responses with missing information (0%). In round 3, ChatGPT came second with 70% (95% CI: 45.70–87.2) accuracy and maintained the lowest inaccuracy rate of 5% (95% CI: 0.26–26.9). Consensus had the largest inaccuracy rate at 40% (95% CI: 20.0–63.6) and the lowest accuracy rate at 40% (95% CI: 20.0–63.6). Overall, statistically significant pairwise comparisons showed that Cloud in the second round has the highest accuracy compared to Poe (p = 0.0154), Gemini (p = 0.0421), Consensus (p = 0.0035), and Perplexity (p = 0.0302). In the assessment of performance shift from round 1 to round 2, Claude achieved the greatest improvement in accuracy at 40%. In the assessment of performance shift from round 2 to round 3, Poe improved the most with an accuracy increase of 25%, while ChatGPT followed with 20%. When evaluating the unprompted and guideline-prompted questions for all AI tools using McNemar’s test, it did not reveal a statistically significant distinction in the proportion of accurate responses (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Throughout the three rounds, ChatGPT maintained the best performance, with the fewest missing data. Claude and Poe followed, showing high accuracy with relatively low inaccuracy rates. On the other hand, Perplexity and Gemini performed moderately, while Consensus had the lowest accuracy.

Background: New psychoactive substances (NPS) are defined as chemical compounds that are synthesized or extracted from natural sources with the aim of producing psychoactive effects similar to those produced by controlled substances but not regulated under current legislation. Worldwide, the rise in the use of NPS has been outpacing regulation and education efforts, leading to substantial health risks, especially for the young adults’ population. In Saudi Arabia, substance-use prevention is supported through the Saudi 2030 initiative led by the Ministry of Interior and National Committee for Narcotics Control; nonetheless, most studies conducted at the national level have centered on traditional drugs only. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and perception related to NPS among King Faisal University students, and to determine the predictors of better knowledge and permissive attitude. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 students via an anonymous web-based survey questionnaire to assess sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge, attitude, and perception measures. Ethical approval was obtained from King Faisal University (reference no. KFU-REC-2026-MAR-ETHICS4051) on the 12 ^th of March 2025. Chi-squared test/Fisher’s exact test were applied to understand the relationship between sociodemographic variables and level of knowledge, and independent samples t-test/ANOVA for comparison of mean attitude scores. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of high knowledge and permissive beliefs. Results: Out of the respondents (74% females, mean age 18–24 years), (58%) had high levels of knowledge regarding NPS. Access to NPS was easy for (57%), mostly through online media (70.8%) and past usage of NPS was admitted by (39.7%). Significantly greater knowledge regarding NPS was shown by females compared to males (64.0% vs 41.0%; P<0.001), while being male predicted poor knowledge (AOR = 0.407, 95% CI:0.229–0.722, P = 0.002). Prior NPS use (AOR = 2.502, 95% CI:1.209–5.176, P = 0.013) and easy access (AOR = 2.298, 95% CI:1.233–4.285, P = 0.009) independently predicted permissive beliefs. Common use motivations included social gatherings (47.9%), weight loss (40.3%), and stress reduction (37.0%). Conclusions: Students have moderate to high levels of knowledge, their attitudes towards NPS were significantly influenced by ease of access on the Internet and previous usage experience. This indicates the necessity of educational measures to tackle the increasing threat posed by NPS to Saudi universities.

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for pain, inflammation, and fever. Although many NSAIDs are available without a prescription, inappropriate use may increase the risk of renal, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular complications. This study evaluated NSAID dispensing patterns and potential risk practices in community pharmacies in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 community pharmacies across Al-Ahsa, Al-Dammam, and Jubail Industrial City between February and March 2025. Data on demographics, NSAID type, indication, dosage, frequency, duration, and concomitant medication use were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: Among the 171 documented NSAID dispensing cases, 98 (57.3%) occurred without a prescription, whereas 73 (42.7%) involved prescription-based dispensing. Ibuprofen (62%) and diclofenac (36.3%) were the most commonly dispensed agents, with oral tablets being the preferred formulation (76.6%). Most documented treatment durations were short (3–7 days) with once- or twice-daily dosing. Common documented indications included dental conditions, pain, and inflammation, although the indication was not specified in 57.3% of cases. At least one potential interaction was identified in 11(7.8%, 95% CI 4.4–13.4%) of the 141 cases with concomitant medication use, corresponding to 13 (5.9%, 95% CI 3.5–9.9%) potential interaction pairs. Conclusions: Frequent non-prescription NSAID dispensing, incomplete documentation, and potentially clinically relevant drug interactions highlight the need to strengthen medication review, documentation, public awareness, regulatory oversight, and pharmacist counseling in community pharmacy practice.

Effective supervision is a key determinant of success in undergraduate research, influencing student satisfaction, academic performance, and research outco

Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) have been classified as non-communicable diseases by the World Health Organization (WHO). These diseases contribute to the occurrence of around 4.2 million deaths globally. Medicine related problems (MRPs) refer to incidents associated with medicine therapy that interfere in the desired health outcomes. Patients with asthma and/or COPD are likely to encounter MRPs due to ineffective treatment, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and/or medication errors (MEs). Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of MRPs among adult patients with asthma and/or COPD. A systematic literature review was conducted using 13 databases. These databases included PubMed, NELM, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, PsycInfo, British Nursing Index, Global heath, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PsycExtra, and Cochrane Library. ‘Medicine related problems (MRPs)’ ‘adults’ ‘asthma’ ‘adverse drug reactions (ADRs)’ ‘drug related problems (DRPs)’ ‘adverse drug events (ADEs)’ ‘medication errors (MEs)’, and ‘Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease’ ‘(COPD)’ were used as search items. Only quantitative studies, which investigated MRPs in adult patients with asthma and/or COPD, were included. The results of the review retrieved initially 1146338 titles that were considered. The analysis of the titles of these studies identified 55 relevant abstracts, of which, 15 were included in the review. The data extracted from these studies showed that the MRPs had a prevalence rate of 39.8%, ADRs 4.6%, while MEs had a prevalence rate of 66.9%. The comparison of these prevalence rates showed that MEs and MRPs had a higher prevalence than ADRs. Theophylline was reported to have the highest prevalence rate of MRPs which required special consideration to ensure its safe use by patients. The findings of the current study would potentially provide insights pertaining to the reduction of the high rate of MRPs.