Introduction: Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic fungal infection of the oral mucosa, most frequently caused by Candida albicans. Its development is influenced by local factors, such as denture use and oral hygiene, as well as systemic conditions including diabetes, nutritional deficiencies, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Accurate diagnosis requires both clinical evaluation and mycological testing. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze demographic characteristics, predisposing factors, and the species distribution of Candida isolates in patients diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of medical documentation was conducted to evaluate patient demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, denture use, and results of mycological examinations confirming oral candidiasis. Results: A total of 71 patients (49 women and 22 men), aged 21–85 years (mean 59.6 ± 16 years), were included in the study. Fungal etiology was confirmed in all cases, with Candida albicans identified most frequently (81.69%). Among comorbidities, cardiovascular diseases were most common (30.99%), followed by diabetes (14.08%), and chronic periodontitis, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases (each 11.27%). Removable dentures were used by 18.30% of patients, and nicotine addiction was reported in 9.86%. All strains were susceptible to the tested antifungals, except for species with known intrinsic resistance. Conclusions: Oral candidiasis in this cohort predominantly affected women and older adults, with Candida albicans remaining the most common etiological agent. Denture use emerged as an important local predisposing factor and was associated with a higher proportion of infections caused by non-albicans species. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive clinical evaluation and routine mycological testing to guide targeted antifungal therapy, especially in patients with risk factors such as denture use or systemic comorbidities.