Among the factors incriminated in the appearance of eating disorders, intestinal microbiota has recently been implicated. Now there is evidence that the composition of gut microbiota is different in anorexia nervosa. We gathered many surveys on the changes in the profile of gut microbiota in patients with anorexia nervosa. This review comprehensively examines the contemporary experimental evidence concerning the bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the brain. Drawing from recent breakthroughs in this area of research, we propose that the gut microbiota significantly contributes to the intricate interplay between the body and the brain, thereby contributing to overall healthy homeostasis while concurrently impacting disease risk, including anxiety and mood disorders. Particular attention is devoted to elucidating the structure and functional relevance of the gut microbiota in the context of Anorexia Nervosa.

Background: Screening programs using Papanicolaou smear along with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing led to a significantly decrease of cervical cancer rates. Nevertheless, both assessments have limited specificity for revealing cervical high-grade lesions. The main problem is how to identify the real precursor of cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), namely high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Aim: The aim of our study was to conclude if ProEx C might be used as a marker for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Materials and Methods: In this study, we detected the immunochemical expression of anti-ProEx C antibody in liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples. We analyzed a total number of 125 cervical cytology specimens. Results: In 48% of all cases, ProEx C was found to be positive. The percentage increased from 0% in negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) cases to 100% in SCC cases. Conclusions: ProEx C may be utilized to improve the accuracy of cytological diagnosis on cervical smears, according to the findings of this study. This marker is also useful in detecting unrevealed high-grade lesions on atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) smears, being very useful in establishing the conduct of these cases.

Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy in oral surgery represents an evolving paradigm. This critical review evaluates the contemporary scientific evidence that challenges the conventional practice of routinely discontinuing anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet agents to prevent postoperative bleeding. The traditional strategy carries an unacceptable risk of iatrogenic, sometimes severe, thromboembolic events. The aim of this systematic narrative review is to synthesize the current evidence (2015–2025) and to outline a new, patient-centered clinical framework that dynamically balances thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. Materials and methods: A systematic search of major databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science) identified relevant studies, structured according to the PICO framework. The search strategy prioritized high-level evidence, including clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and prospective cohort studies published between January 2015 and November 2025. Results: The results reinforce an emerging consensus: the basis of safe management is the rigorous application of advanced local hemostasis techniques (e.g., prioritizing resorbable materials, sutures, topical hemostatic agents, and antifibrinolytics) and the use of perioperative decision-making algorithms. These measures allow, in most routine dental surgical procedures, the safe continuation of antithrombotic therapy, thus minimizing the thromboembolic risk without significantly increasing the risk of clinically significant bleeding. In the future, research should focus on optimizing materials science (novel biomaterials and controlled-release systems) and on standardizing and validating protocols in specific populations (e.g., patients on combination therapy or at extreme cardiovascular risk). This review argues that the adoption of this evidence-based model, with local hemostasis as a critical pillar, is essential for modern, ethical, and safe dental practice.

Background/Objectives: Maternal nutrition is an important exogenous factor which, together with other factors, may play a fundamental role in ensuring the well-being of the pregnant woman and in the development of the offspring, with long-term effects on health. Therefore, this narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on how maternal dietary patterns and nutrient intake during pregnancy affect maternal well-being, pregnancy outcomes, fetal growth, and the short- and long-term health of the child, while addressing research gaps, and implications for antenatal nutrition guidance. Literature Search Strategy and Study Selection: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection and curation of articles were guided by the central research question: “How does maternal diet during pregnancy influence maternal health and offspring outcomes?” Results: The analysis of the literature reveals that the overall maternal dietary pattern is more important than the isolated intake of nutrients in determining the course of pregnancy and the long-term health of the offspring. Conclusions: The present review pointed out that maternal nutrition is not merely energy support for pregnancy, but a factor in fetal programming with a long-term impact on the child, in line with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, and may act as an epigenetic and metabolic influence with potential transgenerational effects. Optimizing the diet in the periconceptional period and during pregnancy represents an accessible and effective form of preventive intervention, but it requires personalized recommendations and structured nutritional education begun as early as the preconception period.

Residual cardiovascular risk arises from dysregulated expression of genes encoding apolipoprotein(a) (LPA), apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3), angiopoietin-like gene 3 (ANGPTL3), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). RNA-based therapies, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) modulate these targets at the post-transcriptional level through RNA interference and RNase H-mediated degradation, respectively. This scoping review maps the molecular mechanisms, target involvement, and pharmacodynamic outcomes of RNA therapies for managing residual cardiovascular risk, with contextual comparison to traditional lipid-lowering agents. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed from 2020 to February 2026. Of the 1088 records identified, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. RNA therapies have demonstrated potential for engagement, with 80–98% reductions in Lp(a) (pelacarsen, olpasiran, zerlasiran, lepodisiran), 50–80% reductions in triglycerides (olezarsen, plozasiran, volanesorsen), and 36–44% reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Mechanistically, siRNAs achieve gene silencing through RISC-mediated mRNA cleavage, with sustained pharmacodynamic effects (3–6 months) because of Argonaute-2 stability, while gapmer ASOs recruit RNase H1 for mRNA degradation. Conjugation with GalNAc allows for hepatocyte-specific delivery with a subcutaneous bioavailability of 70–85%. Safety profiles were favorable, with injection site reactions (4–12%) being the most common adverse event. This analysis maps the emerging molecular landscape of RNA therapies, highlighting their substantial precision for targeting residual cardiovascular risk pathways that cannot be addressed by traditional agents.

The efficacy of enzyme therapy is limited by their poor stability under physiological conditions. Thermostable enzymes, derived from extremophilic organisms or generated by advanced protein engineering, offer a revolutionary solution to this long-standing challenge. They are widely used in industrial biocatalysis. Their therapeutic applications are poorly investigated and spread across diverse disciplines. While most applications are in the preclinical stages, emerging evidence from animal models demonstrates proof-of-concept for thermostable antioxidant enzymes in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases. This review critically assesses the translational landscape, distinguishing between established therapeutic enzymes (e.g., asparaginase, PEGylated SOD) and emerging experimental candidates. This narrative review consolidates existing knowledge about thermostable enzyme engineering and their emerging functions as molecular therapies, particularly in oxidative stress-related diseases. This review synthesizes recent advances in structural biology, computational protein design, biomaterials engineering, and translational antioxidant strategies, highlighting how breaking down disciplinary barriers is accelerating the development of sustainable and self-regenerating antioxidant platforms. By integrating molecular precision with systems-level therapeutic design, engineered thermostable antioxidant enzymes exemplify the future of biological development, where multidisciplinary collaboration drives innovation against oxidative stress-driven pathologies. Engineered thermostable enzymes provide a versatile basis for next-generation therapeutics, with the potential to address medical needs through improved stability, targeted activity, and multifunctional design.